Effects of 3-thia fatty acids on feed intake, growth, tissue fatty acid composition, β-oxidation and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in Atlantic salmon

Moya-Falcón, C.; Hvattum, Erlend; Dyrøy, Endre; Skorve, Jon; Stefansson, Sigurd O.; Thomassen, Magny S.; Jakobsen, Jan Vidar; Berge, Rolf K.; Ruyter, Bente

doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.08.009

Cited by 33 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Dietary supplementation has been investigated with bioactive fatty acids (conjugated linoleic acid, 3-thia acids, petroselinic acid), fibrates and other botanicals, such as the lignin sesamin, with some limited success including increasing LC-PUFA biosynthesis (Ruyter et al, 1997;Moya-Falcón et al, 2004;Kennedy et al, 2006;Trattner et al, 2008a,b;Randall et al, 2013). However, any uplift in biosynthetic activity observed in the above studies has been relatively small and insufficient to compensate for the lack of dietary LC-PUFA.…”

Section: Enhancing Endogenous Lc-pufa Production and Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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Section: Enhancing Endogenous Lc-pufa Production and Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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“…It has been suggested that the total amount of stored unsaturated fats may play an important role because they are more easily transported from adipose stores to the muscle during exercise as well as having higher whole-organism oxidation rates (Leyton et al, 1987). While the mechanistic relationship between PUFAs and exercise remains unclear, in vitro studies involving fish, birds and mammals have shown that PUFAs stimulate cellular capacity for fat oxidation in hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes and adipocytes, which ultimately elicits a signal to prime locomotor muscles for exercise (Guo et al, 2005;Moya-Falcon, 2004;Yamazaki et al, 1987); thus, becoming a pathway for increased heat production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in skeletal muscle lipid profiles of Weddell seals: clues to developmental changes

Trumble

Noren

Cornick

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYOur objective was to elucidate age-related changes in lipids associated with skeletal muscle of Weddell seals and to suggest possible physiological implications. Muscle biopsies were collected from pups, juveniles and adults in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica and analyzed for intramuscular lipid (IML) and triacylglyceride (IMTG) amounts, fatty acid groups, as well as individual fatty acid profiles. The results from this study suggest a switch from primarily saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the skeletal muscle of young pups to increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as the percentage of blubber increases, resulting in possible thermoregulatory benefits. As Weddell pups continue to develop into juveniles, fatty acids associated with the skeletal muscle changes such that MUFA levels are relatively higher, which may be in response to energy depletion associated with their restricted diving ability and rapid growth. As juveniles transform into adults, a reduction in n-3 PUFA levels in the muscle as the percentage of blubber increases may be indicative of a trigger to prepare for deep diving or could be a mechanism for oxygen conservation during long-duration dives. We speculate that the observed change in lipids associated with the skeletal muscle of Weddell seals is related to ontogenetic differences in thermoregulation and locomotion.

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“…Dietary intake of n-3 PUFA causes mitochondrial and peroxisomal proliferation (Froyland et al, 1997;Totland et al, 2000). Some studies show an increased capacity for these isolated organelles to oxidize fatty acids (Guo et al, 2005;Moya-Falcon, 2004;Yamazaki et al, 1987), others report elevated cellular activities for carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) (Guo et al, 2005;Sanz et al, 2000;Totland et al, 2000), and 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (HOAD) (Sanz et al, 2000) or fatty acyl oxidase (FAO) (Froyland et al, 1997;Kim and Choi, 2005;Totland et al, 2000;Yamazaki et al, 1987). Unfortunately, the effects of n-3 PUFA on skeletal muscle cells have not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between n-3 PUFA content and energy metabolism in the flight muscles of a migrating shorebird: evidence for natural doping

Maillet

Weber

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY During their fall migration from the Arctic to South America, semipalmated sandpipers Calidris pusilla stop in the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) before flying non-stop for ∼4500 km across the ocean. Refueling birds double their body mass by feeding on Corophium volutator, an amphipod containing high amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). In mammals, high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA is known to increase capacity for oxidative metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesized that tissue incorporation of n-3 PUFA would be associated with increases in the activity of key muscle enzymes to upregulate energy metabolism for prolonged exercise. Birds were collected at various stages of fat loading to monitor changes in lipid composition and flight muscle enzymes simultaneously. Enzymes were measured to assess oxidative capacity [citrate synthase (CS)],β-oxidation [carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase (HOAD)] and glycolytic capacity [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]. Changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle membranes (phospholipids) and fuel reserves (neutral lipids) were measured separately to distinguish between membrane-related and systemic effects of n-3 PUFA. Results show that muscle CS and HOAD are stimulated during refueling and that their activities are correlated with n-3 PUFA content in phospholipids (22:6 for CS, 20:5 for HOAD)and in neutral lipids (20:5 for CS). This suggests that 20:5 and 22:6 have different effects on energy metabolism and that they act via changes in membrane structure and systemic mechanisms. CPT and LDH did not change during refueling, but LDH activity was significantly related to the n-3 PUFA content of fuel reserves. This study shows that oxidative capacity increases rapidly during refueling and supports the idea that dietary n-3 PUFA are used as molecular signals to prime flight muscles of some long-distance migrants for extreme exercise.

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Effects of 3-thia fatty acids on feed intake, growth, tissue fatty acid composition, β-oxidation and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in Atlantic salmon

Cited by 33 publications

References 41 publications

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

Age-related differences in skeletal muscle lipid profiles of Weddell seals: clues to developmental changes

Relationship between n-3 PUFA content and energy metabolism in the flight muscles of a migrating shorebird: evidence for natural doping

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