Effects of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaric Acid on Plasma and Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Lupien, Paul J.; Moorjani, Sital; Brun, Daniel; Bielmann, P

doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1979.tb02469.x

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Hydroxymethylglutaric acid is a hypolipidemic agent. 12 FLAXSEED Atherosclerosis, Serum Lipids, Inflammatory Mediators, and Oxidative Stress Animal Studies…”

Section: Flaxseed and Its Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Health

Prasad

2009

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology

157

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Flaxseed and its components may improve cardiovascular health because of their numerous attributes. Flaxseed contains 35% of its mass as oil, of which 55% is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Flax meal, which is devoid of oil, contains the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Flaxseed, flaxseed with very low ALA, flaxseed oil, flax lignan complex (FLC), and SDG reduce the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by 46%, 69%, 0%, 73%, and 34%, respectively, in the rabbit model. FLC and SDG slow the progression of atherosclerosis but have no effect in regression of atherosclerosis. Suppression of atherosclerosis by flaxseed is the result of its lignan content and not the result of ALA content. Suppression of atherosclerosis is associated with lowering of serum lipids and antioxidant activity. Effects of flaxseed on serum lipids in experimental animals are variable from no change to slight reduction. Flaxseed oil does not affect serum lipids, except for a slight reduction in serum triglycerides. Lignan in general reduces serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and raises serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. SDG and its metabolites have antioxidant activity. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil do not have antioxidant activity except they suppress oxygen radical production by white blood cells. Flaxseed oil/ALA has variable effects on inflammatory mediators/markers (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A). Doses of ALA less than 14 g/d do not affect inflammatory mediators/markers, but 14 g/d or greater reduce inflammatory mediators/markers. Flaxseed oil decreases soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 but has no effect on soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble E-selectin, and monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Flaxseed has variable effects on IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. FLC reduces plasma levels of C-reactive protein but has no effects on IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or monocyte chemoattractant protein. Flaxseed has a very small hypotensive effect, but flaxseed oil does not lower blood pressure. However, SDG is a very potent hypotensive agent. Flaxseed oil decreases platelet aggregation and increases platelet activating inhibitor-1 and bleeding time. Flaxseed and FLC have no effect on the hemopoietic system. SDG is a potent angiogenic and antiapoptotic agent that may have a role in cardioprotection in ischemic heart disease. In conclusion, flaxseed, FLC, and SDG, but not flaxseed oil, suppress atherosclerosis, and FLC and SDG slow progression of atherosclerosis but have no effect on regression. Flaxseed oil suppresses oxygen radical production by white blood cells, prolongs bleeding time, and in higher doses suppresses serum levels of inflammatory mediators and does not lower serum lipids.

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“…Hydroxymethylglutaric acid is a hypolipidemic agent. 12 FLAXSEED Atherosclerosis, Serum Lipids, Inflammatory Mediators, and Oxidative Stress Animal Studies…”

Section: Flaxseed and Its Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Health

Prasad

2009

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology

157

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“…CA are antioxidants [18] that lower platelet reactivity [19], and hence the prothrombotic state. In animal studies only, CA lowers cholesterol [20] (a feature shared with HMGA in humans) [21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaxseed Lignan Complex Administration in Older Human Type 2 Diabetics Manages Central Obesity and Prothrombosis—An Invitation to Further Investigation into Polypharmacy Reduction

Barre

Mizier-Barre

Stelmach

et al. 2012

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Aim. Animal and human study evidence supports the hypothesis that flaxseed lignan complex (FLC) at a dose of 600 mg secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)/day for three months would combat hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, central obesity, prothrombotic state, inflammation, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Methods. Sixteen type 2 diabetic patients completed this double-blind, randomised crossover placebo-controlled study. A univariate repeated measures analysis of covariance (significance P < 0.05) was followed by a mixed linear model effects analysis corrected for multiple comparisons (MCC). Results. Prior to MCC, FLC caused decreased fasting plasma glucose, A1c, inflammation (c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)), and increased bleeding time. After correction for multiple comparisons, FLC induced a statistically significant increase in bleeding time and smaller waist circumference gain. No treatment effect occurred in the other variables before or after adjustment. Conclusions. It is concluded that FLC significantly increased bleeding time thus reducing the prothrombotic state, reduced central obesity gain as measured by waist circumference, and did not affect significantly the other dependent variables measured after adjustment for multiple comparisons. These findings, not yet published in human type 2 diabetes, suggest that this FLC dose over at least three months, may, subject to further investigation, reduce polypharmacy.

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“…F lax lignan complex (FLC) isolated from flaxseed contains 34% to 38% secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, 15% to 20% cinnamic acid glucoside, and 9.6% to 11.0% hydroxymethylglutaric acid (1). Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (2,3) and cinnamic acid (4) are antioxidants, and hydroxymethylglutaric acid is a hypolipidemic agent (5). FLC suppresses the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis; this effect is associated with decreases in oxidative stress and serum lipids (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%