Effects of 12 weeks of barefoot running on foot strike patterns, inversion–eversion and foot rotation in long-distance runners

Román, Pedro Ángel Latorre; García‐Pinillos, Felipe; Soto-Hermoso, Víctor M.; Jiménez, Marcos Muñoz

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.004

Cited by 13 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the study of McCarthy et al [13], all participants who preferred rearfoot strike became non-rearfoot strike after training with minimalist shoes. Latorre-Roman et al [18] revealed that a 12 week barefoot running program causes significant changes in foot strike patterns with a tendency towards a non-rearfoot strike in long-distance runners. In the study of Hollander et al [28], habitually shod participants who actively changed from shod to barefoot increased the foot strike index.…”

Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McCarthy et al [13] showed that after a 12 week simulated barefoot training, in which the participants were free to adopt their own running pattern, 100% used non-rearfoot strike patterns. Latorre-Roman et al [18] found that a 12 week barefoot training program causes significant changes in the foot strike pattern, with a tendency towards midfoot or forefoot strikes. However, not all runners who are used to wearing conventional shoes can switch to non-rearfoot strike when wearing minimalist shoes [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Latorre-Roman et al [18] found that a 12 week barefoot training program causes significant changes in the foot strike pattern, with a tendency towards midfoot or forefoot strikes. However, not all runners who are used to wearing conventional shoes can switch to non-rearfoot strike when wearing minimalist shoes [18]. Without the cushioning of conventional shoes, the risk of high impact-related injuries likely increases [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes

Yang

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Purpose: The intervention of 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes was established to examine its effect on impact forces, joint mechanics, and vertical stiffness during running. Methods: Thirty male recreational runners were randomly assigned to the gait retraining + minimalist shoe (n = 15, GR) and minimalist shoe (n = 15, MIN) groups. The ground reaction force and marker trajectories were collected before and after intervention at a speed of 3.33 ± 5% m/s. Results: A total of 17 participants (9 in the GR group and 8 in the MIN group) completed the training. After training, (1) the loading rate of both groups decreased significantly, and the loading rate of the GR group was lower than that of the MIN group. (2) The foot strike angle of the GR group decreased significantly after training, and the plantarflexion angle and hip joint angular extension velocity increased in both groups. (3) The moment of ankle joint increased in the GR group, and the stiffness of lower limbs was significantly improved in both groups. Conclusion: The 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes converted rearfoot strikers into forefoot strikers with a rate of 78% (7/9). More importantly, such a combined program, compared to the training with only minimalist shoes, can avoid the peak impact force and decrease the loading rate more effectively, thus providing a potential means of reducing risk of running injury caused by impact forces. Moreover, the increased vertical stiffness of lower extremity after gait retraining may improve running economy and corresponding energy utilization. However, these observations also suggest that the sole use of minimalist footwear may have limited effects on reducing running-related impacts.

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Section: Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes

Yang

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Such change allowed shock absorption by the muscles and ligaments of the foot, which decreased loading rates and work at the knee compared with running with a rearfoot strike pattern [13][14][15]. Warne et al showed that a six-week combination program of gait retraining and minimalist shoes could reduce the loading rate and peak impact force by transforming the pattern of RFS to a nonrearfoot strike pattern [16,17]. Female natural FFS had lower extension moment, patellofemoral joint contact force, and patellofemoral stress than those in the RFS group [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Wang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Purpose. To explore the changes in knee sagittal angle and moment and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) force and stress before and after 12-week gait retraining. Methods. A total of 30 healthy male recreational runners were randomized into a control group (n=15) who ran in their original strike pattern using minimalist shoes or experimental group (n=15) who ran in a forefoot strike pattern using minimalist shoes during the 12-week gait retraining. The kinematic and kinetic data of the dominant leg of the participants during the 12 km/h running were collected by 3D motion capture systems and 3D force platforms. Besides, the biomechanical property of the PFJ was calculated on the basis of the joint force model and the regression equation of the contact area. Results. After the 12-week gait retraining, 78% of the rearfoot strikers turned into forefoot strikers. Peak knee extension moment and peak PFJ stress decreased by 13.8% and 13.3% without altering the running speed, respectively. Meanwhile, no changes in maximum knee flexion angle/extension moment and PFJ force/stress were observed for the control group. Conclusion. The 12-week gait retraining effectively reduced the PFJ stress, thereby providing a potential means of reducing the risk of patellofemoral pain syndrome while running.

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“…After receiving training, at low speed, there was a 33.4% reduction in the number of participants landing with an inverted foot, with these participants then exhibiting a centered strike upon landing. Additionally, changes in external foot rotation were also observed [3]. Further, an alternative study addressed the inversion and eversion of the foot during three phases: foot flat, mid-stance, and toe-off.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanic Analysis of Barefoot vs. Shod Running

Monaldi¹,

Alters²,

Bowen³

et al. 2019

Aquila

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Each year thousands of runners are injured, many incidents being caused by improper form or attire. Prior studies have shown barefoot running to reduce impact loading, contact time, and stride length by encouraging a forefoot striking (FFS) pattern. The aim of this study is to further analyze and compare mechanical characteristics and effects between barefoot and shod running. Data collected from N=11 participants with Qualisys 3D motion tracking system was used to assess applied foot force, inversion and eversion angles, foot plantarflexion, location of the center of pressure of the foot, ankle moment, in addition to moments, forces, and flexion angles of the knee. When barefoot, statistically significant reductions in several parameters, including impact force and peak knee moment were observed which may reduce the overall risk of injury. No significant increase in eversion was observed. By performing this biomechanical analysis on barefoot running, researchers conclude that barefoot style running results in a safe gait pattern. Future impacts of this research may directly affect current training regimens. Increasing awareness of barefoot running may inspire others to verify this study and determine to what degree running related injuries are preventable.

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Effects of 12 weeks of barefoot running on foot strike patterns, inversion–eversion and foot rotation in long-distance runners

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes

Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes

Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Biomechanic Analysis of Barefoot vs. Shod Running

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