Effects-Directed Studies of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

Hewitt, Mark

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3_11

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Because of the complexity of final effluents, the actual causative androgens still remain elusive, despite many studies. 45 Androgens associated with wood and effluents, ADD, AD, and progesterone 27−29 were not detected in this study, and thus are not involved in the androgenic activities we observed. Recently, the diterpene manool was discovered as a ligand for the goldfish testis AR and a major contributor to the androgenicity of Canadian kraft chemical recovery condensates.…”

Section: ■ Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

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Evaluating the Potential of Effluents and Wood Feedstocks from Pulp and Paper Mills in Brazil, Canada, and New Zealand to Affect Fish Reproduction: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Assessments

Milestone

Orrego

Scott

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study investigates factors affecting reproduction in fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents by comparing effluents from countries with varying levels of documented effects. To explore the hypothesis of wood as a common source of endocrine disrupting compounds, feedstocks from each country were analyzed. Analyses included in vitro assays for androgenic activity (binding to goldfish testis androgen receptors), estrogenic activity (yeast estrogen screen), and neurotransmitter enzyme inhibition (monoamine oxidase and glutamic acid decarboxylase). Chemical analyses included conventional extractives, known androgens, and gas chromatograph index (GCI) profiles. All effluents and wood contained androgenic activity, particularly in nonpolar fractions, although known androgens were undetected. Effluents with low suspended solids, having undergone conventional biotreatment had lower androgenic activities. Estrogenic activity was only associated with Brazilian effluents and undetected in wood. All effluents and wood inhibited neurotransmitter enzymes, predominantly in polar fractions. Kraft elemental chlorine free mills were associated with the greatest neurotransmitter inhibition. Effluent and wood GCI profiles were correlated with androgenic activity and neurotransmitter enzyme inhibition. Differences in feedstock bioactivities were not reflected in effluents, implying mill factors mitigate bioactive wood components. No differences in bioactivities could be discerned on the basis of country of origin, thus we predict effluents in regions lacking monitoring would affect fish reproduction and therefore recommend implementing such programs.

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Section: ■ Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…Because of the complexity of final effluents, the actual causative androgens still remain elusive, despite many studies . Androgens associated with wood and effluents, ADD, AD, and progesterone − were not detected in this study, and thus are not involved in the androgenic activities we observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Evaluating the Potential of Effluents and Wood Feedstocks from Pulp and Paper Mills in Brazil, Canada, and New Zealand to Affect Fish Reproduction: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Assessments

Milestone

Orrego

Scott

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Pulp and paper mill effluents discharged into receiving waters are known to still contain endocrine disrupting compounds that negatively affect fish reproduction despite treatment prior to discharge. The first evidence of this arose in the late 1980s in Scandinavia and has since been reported in New Zealand, − the USA, − Canada [reviewed in ref ], and more recently in Chile. − Effluent quality in pulp producing nations has greatly improved since these observations were first made; however, it is noteworthy that following process modifications, effluent treatment installations and upgrades, present-day effluents continue to affect fish reproduction in multiple nations. , Perhaps the most extensive database on these effects is found in Canada, through its Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Ligands for the Goldfish Testis Androgen Receptor in Chemical Recovery Condensates from a Canadian Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill

Scott

Milestone

Smith

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study builds on a series of investigations characterizing substances in kraft mill chemical recovery condensates that depress sex steroids in fish. Here, incubations of goldfish testis androgen receptors (AR) with condensate extracts were used to investigate the potential role of androgens in hormone depressions. Condensates contained variable levels of AR ligands, with the highest amounts in nonpolar extracts of filtered solids prior to solid phase extraction (SPE). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation recovered the majority of activity in one fraction, with ligands detected in three additional fractions. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of the most active fraction confirmed the two most abundant components as the diterpenes manool and geranyl linalool. Manool exhibited a relative affinity for the AR that was 300 fold less than testosterone and accounted for 26% of total filtered solids activity. Geranyl linalool exhibited no affinity for the AR. Three additional diterpenoid families were tentatively identified as principal components of the three other androgenic HPLC fractions. Compared to condensates, final effluent had 3000 fold less androgenic activity, with <1% attributable to manool. Putative androgens previously associated with mill effluents (androstenedione and androstadienedione) and progesterone were not detected; however, additional condensate diterpenes suspected as androgens were identified in final effluent. This study is the first to confirm nonsteroidal cyclic diterpenes as androgenic at pulp mills. A major in-mill source of these substances was identified, and the role of androgens in mill effluents affecting fish reproduction was reinforced.

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“…Meanwhile, Rao et al [50] determined mutagenicity in a filtered effluent (4 mL) and found genotoxic potential at about 0.28 mL of the effluent. According to this author, most of the mutagenic were derived from polar organic compounds [51]. Moreover, specifically β-sitosterol and abietic acid have a clear genotoxic effect at concentrations higher than 8 to 15 mg/L [52,53].…”

Section: Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Black Liquor Shocks on the Stability of Activated Sludge Treatment of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent: Morphological Alteration in Daphnia magna and Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Response in Salmonella typhimurium

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the stability of activated sludge (AS) in the treatment of kraft pulp mill effluent exposed to black liquor shock, as well as the effect of its exposure on the morphology of Daphnia magna and DNA damage through mutagenicity and genotoxicity response in Salmonella typhimurium. To this end, we applied doses of 2-, 4-, 10-, and 30-mL black liquor/L influent—shock 1 (S1), shock 2 (S2), shock 3 (S3), and shock 4 (S4), respectively—to kraft pulp mill effluent. The system stability was checked by analyzing heterotrophic biomass activity and discharge quality, evaluated using Ames test and Daphnia magna. The results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency for normal conditions was 64.84%, falling to 61.68%, and 61.31% for S1 and S2, respectively, and values of 52.11% for S3 and 20.34% for S4. The biomass activity decreased after each shock was applied, but then recovered. There was no evidence of lethal toxicity (LC50) to Daphnia magna at any of the concentrations. Therefore, it is feasible to apply doses S1 and S2 to an AS system that treats kraft pulp mill effluent.

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Effects-Directed Studies of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

Cited by 6 publications

References 67 publications

Evaluating the Potential of Effluents and Wood Feedstocks from Pulp and Paper Mills in Brazil, Canada, and New Zealand to Affect Fish Reproduction: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Assessments

Evaluating the Potential of Effluents and Wood Feedstocks from Pulp and Paper Mills in Brazil, Canada, and New Zealand to Affect Fish Reproduction: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Assessments

Isolation and Identification of Ligands for the Goldfish Testis Androgen Receptor in Chemical Recovery Condensates from a Canadian Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill

Effects of Black Liquor Shocks on the Stability of Activated Sludge Treatment of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent: Morphological Alteration in Daphnia magna and Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Response in Salmonella typhimurium

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