Effects and Risk Assessment of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates in Agricultural Soil. 4. The Influence of Salt Speciation, Soil Type, and Sewage Sludge on Toxicity Using the Collembolan Folsomia Fimetaria and the Earthworm Aporrectodea Caliginosa as Test Organisms

Holmstrup, Martin; Krogh, Paul Henning; Løkke, Hans; Wolf, Watze de; Marshall, S.; Fox, K

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<1680:earaol>2.0.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The effects of LAS on the reproduction of F. candida [6] were possibly due to an enhanced mobilization of toxic compounds in the sludge, because surfactants may increase the availability of sorbed organic chemicals [26]. Holmstrup et al [27] found that increasing periods of anaerobic incubation of sludge with added LAS increased the toxicity of LAS to earthworms and Collembola. These authors concluded that LAS might have mobilized other toxic compounds in the sludge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Gejlsbjerg

Klinge

Samsøe-Petersen

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The application of sewage sludge to agricultural land brings several chemicals to the soil ecosystem. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and nonylphenol (NP) are frequently found in sludge at relatively high concentrations. The toxic effects of LAS and NP to two soil invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus albidus) and five different microbial processes (aerobic respiration, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic CH4 production, and anaerobic CO2 production) were investigated in sludge-soil mixtures. Median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) and median effective concentrations (EC50 values) were quite similar and calculated to be in the range of 1,143 to 1,437 and 71 to 437 mg/kg (dry wt) for LAS and NP, respectively. The EC50 values for nitrification and CH4 production were 431 and 277 mg/kg, respectively, for LAS and 343 and 754 mg/kg, respectively, for NP. Aerobic respiration and denitrification were not inhibited at the tested concentrations. The results show that NP was more toxic than LAS to both F. candida and E. albidus, whereas LAS was more toxic than NP to the anaerobic CH4 production. The safety margins between the lowest 10% effective concentration (EC10) and the estimated environmental concentration were a factor of 11 for LAS and 510 for NP when the concentrations of the contaminants corresponded to the current Danish cutoff values of 1,300 mg/kg for LAS and 30 mg/kg for NP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Gejlsbjerg

Klinge

Samsøe-Petersen

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Soil from the plough layer was sampled at an agricultural field (Lundgaard, Denmark) in August 1997. The soil was a coarse sand (coarse sand, 67%; fine sand, 16%; silt, 8.6%; clay, 6.2%; humus, 2.7%) with a total C content of 1.5% [11]. This soil type represents approximately 25% of the cultivated area in Denmark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 1. Short‐term effects on soil microbiology

Elsgaard

Petersen

Debosz

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) may occur in sewage sludge that is applied to agricultural soil, in which LAS can be inhibitory to biological activity. As a part of a broader risk assessment of LAS in the terrestrial environment, we tested the short-term effects of aqueous LAS on microbial parameters in a sandy agricultural soil that was incubated for up to 11 d. The assays included 10 microbial soil parameters; ethylene degradation; potential ammonium oxidation; potential dehydrogenase activity; beta-glucosidase activity; iron reduction; the populations of cellulolytic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes; the basal soil respiration; and the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content. Except for beta-glucosidase activity, basal respiration, and total PLFA content, all soil parameters were sensitive to LAS, with EC10 values in the range of less than 8 to 22 mg/kg dry weight. This probably reflected a similar mode of LAS toxicity, ascribed to cell membrane interactions, and showed that sensitivity to LAS was common for various soil microorganisms. The extracellular beta-glucosidase activity was rather insensitive to LAS (ECI10, 47 mg/kg dry wt), whereas the basal soil respiration was not inhibited even at 793 mg/kg dry weight. This was interpreted as a combined response of inhibited and stimulated compartments of the microbial community. The PLFA content, surprisingly, showed no decrease even at 488 mg/kg. In conclusion, LAS inhibited specific microbial activities, although this could not be deduced from the basal respiration or the total PLFA content. The lowest EC10 values for microbial soil parameters were slightly higher than the predicted no-effect concentrations recently derived for plants and soil fauna (approximately 5 mg/kg dry wt).

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“…It is a sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.8, total organic carbon 1.36%, clay 11.6%, silt 21.4%, and sand 64.7%. Further information is available in Holmstrup et al (2001). Prior to the experiment the soil was oven-dried (Memmert, Type UL40) at 80°C for 24 h to eliminate undesired soil fauna.…”

Section: Test Species and Test Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limit-test toxicity screening of selected inorganic nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida

et al. 2010

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The toxicity of a range of inorganic (Ag, Cu, Ni, Al(2)O(3), SiO(2), TiO(2) and ZrO(2)) nanoparticles (NP) and their corresponding metal salt or bulk metal oxide were screened for toxicity toward the earthworm Eisenia fetida using the limit-test design (1000 mg/kg). This study provides the first ecotoxicological life history trait data on earthworms for each these NPs, as well as for AgNO(3), Al(2)O(3), SiO(2), TiO(2) and ZrO(2). Significant effects were observed on survival for AgNO(3) (2.5% of controls), CuCl(2) (17.5% of controls) and NiCl(2) (32.5% of controls) and on reproduction (AgNO(3), CuCl(2), NiCl(2), Ag-NP, Cu-NP, TiO(2)-NP); with total reproductive failure in both silver treatments. Ag-NP, Cu-NP and TiO(2)-NP were the only NPs that caused toxic effects to E. fetida. The toxicity could not be singularly related to particle size or zeta potential or to the inherent element constituting the NPs (e.g. Ag).

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Effects and Risk Assessment of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates in Agricultural Soil. 4. The Influence of Salt Speciation, Soil Type, and Sewage Sludge on Toxicity Using the Collembolan Folsomia Fimetaria and the Earthworm Aporrectodea Caliginosa as Test Organisms

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge‐amended soil

Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 1. Short‐term effects on soil microbiology

Limit-test toxicity screening of selected inorganic nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida

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