“…As a fuel, natural gas (the main component is methane) possesses the following advantages: firstly, it is a low-carbon fuel that can reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions [5]; secondly, it enables clean combustion, effectively reducing pollutant emissions, especially particulate matter emissions [6]; thirdly, natural gas has a high octane rating, exhibiting excellent resistance to knock [7]; fourthly, it mixes well with air, further expanding the operating range; and finally, natural gas reserves have been proven to be relatively abundant [8]. Therefore, natural gas holds vast prospects for application, and the development of natural gas engines represents an effective approach to achieve energy conservation, emissions reduction, and a decrease in CO 2 emissions [9,10].…”