Effects and interaction of dietary electrolyte balance and citric acid on the intestinal function of weaned piglets

Abstract

Fifty-six piglets (6.26 ± 0.64 kg BW) were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to one of the eight dietary treatments with seven replicate pens for a 14-d experimental period. The eight experimental diets were prepared via a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with citric acid (CA; 0% and 0.3%) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na + K − Cl mEq/kg of the diet; −50, 100, 250, and 400 mEq/kg). Varying dEB values were obtained by altering the contents of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between dEB and CA in diarrhea score and the number of goblet cell in jejunum were observed. Ileum pH significantly decreased in weaned piglets fed 250 mEq/kg dEB diet compared with those fed −50 and 400 mEq/kg dEB diets (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA decreased the number of goblet cell in the ileal crypt (P < 0.05) and the relative mRNA expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), zona occludens-1, and Claudin-1 (P < 0.05). Increasing dEB values increased the number of goblet cells in the jejunal crypt (P < 0.05). A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet decreased the relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 (P < 0.05) than 100-mEq/kg dEB diet. The interaction between dEB and CA on the relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and Saccharibacteria was observed (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA increased relative abundances of and Streptococcus hyointestinalis. Piglets fed 250-mEq/kg diet increased relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus rennini, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Veillonella, Actinobacillus minor, and Escherichia–Shigella.In conclusion, supplementation of 0.3% CA resulted in differential expression of inflammatory cytokines, ion transporters, and tight junction proteins, and changes in the microbial community composition. A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet reduced gastrointestinal pH and promoted the enrichment of beneficial microbes in the gut microbiota, thereby suppressing inflammation and harmful bacteria. However, the addition of CA to diets with different dEB values did not promote intestinal function in weaned piglets.

Changes in progenitors and differentiated epithelial cells of neonatal piglets

“…Goblet cells were visualized by staining with AB-PAS staining (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the protocol with the methods described by Deng et al. (2020) .…”

Dietary Supplementation With Xylo-oligosaccharides Modifies the Intestinal Epithelial Morphology, Barrier Function and the Fecal Microbiota Composition and Activity in Weaned Piglets

“…At days 7, 21, and 56 of the trial, the feces were collected and stored at −20°C for analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and of the microbiota composition. At the end of the 56-day trial period and 12 h after the last feeding, a medium-sized piglet per replicate was sacrificed using general anesthesia with Zoletil (15 mg tiletamine/kg body weight, 15 mg zolazepam/kg body weight, intramuscular injection) ( 20 ). After intestine recovery, samples of the jejunum, ileal, and colonic samples (~2 cm) were collected after washing with cold physiological saline, the jejunum and ileum were immediately fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution until further morphological analysis, and colon samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80°C until gene expression analysis.…”

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) improves intestinal barrier function associated with TGR5-MLCK pathway and the alteration of serum metabolites and gut bacteria in weaned piglets

“…At least 10 microscopic fields per sample were randomly selected to measure villus height (V) and crypt depth (C) of the small intestine by using Program Image-pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics Bethesda, MD, USA), and the V/C ratio was calculated. Goblet cells in jejunum and ileum were identified using periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain described previously [ 24 ].…”