Effects and feasibility of exercise therapy combined with branched-chain amino acid supplementation on muscle strengthening in frail and pre-frail elderly people requiring long-term care: a crossover trial

Abstract

This study examined the effects and feasibility of a twice-weekly combined therapy of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and exercise on physical function improvement in frail and pre-frail elderly people requiring long-term care. We used a crossover design in which the combination of exercise and nutritional interventions was carried out twice a week during cycles A (3 months) and B (3 months) and the exercise intervention alone was performed during the washout period. The exercise intervention entailed the following 5 training sets: 3 sets of muscle training at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, 1 set of aerobic exercise, and 1 set of balance training. For the nutritional intervention, 6 g of BCAAs or 6 g of maltodextrin was consumed 10 min before starting the exercise. We determined upper and lower limb isometric strength, performance on the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Up and Go test, and activity level. In the comparison between the BCAA group and the control group after crossover, the improvement rates in gross lower limb muscle strength (leg press, knee extension) and FRT performance were significantly greater (by approximately 10%) in the BCAA group. In the comparison between different orders of BCAA administration, significant effects were shown for the leg press in both groups only when BCAAs were given. The combination of BCAA intake and exercise therapy yielded significant improvements in gross lower limb muscle strength and dynamic balance ability.

Effects of multi-domain interventions in (pre)frail elderly on frailty, functional, and cognitive status: a systematic review

“…To assess the eligibility of the articles, full texts were read, and 200 articles were excluded with reasons (Table S1). Overall, 24 articles reporting on twelve individual studies met the study eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review 32–55…”

“…Five studies were conducted in Europe,33,46,50,53,54 two in the USA,41,42 and five in Asia 32,43–45,55. Eleven studies32,33,41–46,50,53,54 had a randomized controlled design and one study55 had a randomized crossover design. The studies ranged in sample size from 31 to 246 41,45.…”

“…The studies ranged in sample size from 31 to 246 41,45. The duration of the intervention varied between 12 weeks32,43,44,53,55 and 9 months 46. Five studies included a follow-up moment at 3–9 months after the intervention 32,43–46.…”

“…Five studies included a follow-up moment at 3–9 months after the intervention 32,43–46. Nine of the twelve studies were dated from 2010 onwards 32,42–45,50,53–55…”

“…One study did not report participant setting,55 whereas all others recruited participants living in the community. Three studies included only women 42–44.…”