Effector T lymphocytes in well-nourished and malnourished infected children

Nájera, Oralia; González, Cristina; Cortés, Edith; Toledo, G.; Ortiz, Rocı́o

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03369.x

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Severe malnutrition has significant deleterious effect on both humoural and cell‐mediated immunity. Impaired immune function could then predispose these children to life‐threatening infections . The loss of statistical significance of the other predictors could have resulted from low statistical power associated with the relatively small number of deaths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children after anti‐retroviral therapy in Malaysia

Moy¹,

Fahey

Yusoff

et al. 2014

J Paediatrics Child Health

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Aims To describe outcome and examine factors associated with mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in Malaysia after anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Methods Retrospective and prospective data collected through March 2009 from children in four different states in Malaysia enrolled in TREAT Asia’s Pediatric HIV Observational Database were analysed. Results Of 347 children in the cohort, only 278 (80.1%) were commenced on ART. The median CD4 count and median age at baseline prior to ART was 272 cells/μL and 4.2 years (interquartile range (IQR): 1.4, 7.4 years), respectively. The median duration of follow-up was 3.7 years (IQR: 1.8, 6.0) with 32 deaths giving a crude mortality rate of 2.86 per 100 child-years. The mortality rate highest in the first 6 months of ART was 10.62 per 100 child-years and declined to 1.83 per 100 child-years thereafter. On univariate analyses, only baseline median CD4 percentage, weight for age z score, height for age z score and anaemia were significantly associated with mortality. Upon including all four of these predictors into a single multivariate model, only weight for age z score remained statistically significantly predictive of mortality. Conclusions Children commenced on ART had high mortality in the first 6 months especially in those with low CD4 percentage, wasting and anaemia. Poor nutritional status is an important independent predictor of mortality in this study. Besides initiating ART therapy, nutritional support and intervention must receive the utmost attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children after anti‐retroviral therapy in Malaysia

Moy¹,

Fahey

Yusoff

et al. 2014

J Paediatrics Child Health

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“…Similar to AIDS, PCM is associated with suppression of the antigen-specific arms of the immune system and several generalized host defense mechanisms [30]. PCM is associated with reactivation of viral infections, reversal of the T-helper/suppressor ratio [31, 32], decreased T-cell primary antibody response and memory response [33], and atrophy of the lymph tissues [34, 35]. Peripheral lymphocyte and eosinophil counts may be reduced and natural killer cells show reduced activity [36].…”

Section: Protein-calorie Malnutrition and Hiv-associated Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient Supplementation for Malnourished HIV‐Infected Adults: A Review of the Evidence in Resource‐Adequate and Resource‐Constrained Settings

et al. 2009

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Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection has expanded rapidly throughout sub-Saharan Africa, but malnutrition and food insecurity have emerged as major barriers to program success. Protein-calorie malnutrition (a common form in the region) hastens HIV disease progression, and food insecurity is a barrier to medication adherence. Analyses of patient outcomes have identified a low body mass index (BMI) at ART initiation as an independent predictor of early mortality, but the causes of low BMI are multi-factorial may represent normal anthropometric variation, chronic inadequate food intake, or wasting associated with HIV and other infections. While there is much experience population-level humanitarian food assistance, few data exist to measure the effectiveness of macronutrient supplementation or to identify individuals most likely to benefit. In this report, we review the current evidence supporting macronutrient supplementation for HIV-infected adults; clinical trials in resource-adequate and resource-constrained settings; and highlight priority areas for future research.

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“…Moreover, CD4+ helper T cells can influence effector and memory CD8+ T cell development [20]. Previous studies have shown that the levels of helper (CD4+CD62L−) and cytotoxic (CD8+CD28−) cells are increased in children with gastrointestinal and respiratory bacterial infections compared with uninfected and malnourished children [24]. The increased number of cytotoxic CD8+CD28− cells has been linked to the stimulation of the IL-2 and IL-6 receptors, resulting in the activation and proliferation of the cells and the production of perforin and granzymes, which damage the bacterial membranes and ultimately kill the bacteria by osmotic shock or apoptosis [25,26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory AND effector cells in children with bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

Palacios-Martínez¹,

González-Torres²,

Rodríguez-Cruz³

et al. 2012

OJI

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Infections in infants and children under five years of age are a public health in México and are one of the major causes of death. Methods In this study, lymphocyte immunophenotyping for CD3+ (T-cells), CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD19+, CD3+CD16/56+, CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD62L− and CD28− were determined in the whole blood of gastrointestinal and respiratory bacterial infected children, using a fourcolor flow cytometry technique. Results: Our data showed that the percentages and the absolute numbers of monocytes and granulocytes are increased in infected children, when compared to the control group. Similarly, we observed increases in the percentages of B lymphocytes, CD8+ cells, memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+ and CD8+CD45RO+) and effector lymphocytes (CD4+CD62L− and CD8+CD28−) in infected children compared with the control group. In contrast, naive T cells were decreased in the bacterial infected children relative to the control group. Additionally, we used ELISA assays to identify the pathogen agent in gastrointestinal and respiratory infection.

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Effector T lymphocytes in well-nourished and malnourished infected children

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

Outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children after anti‐retroviral therapy in Malaysia

Outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children after anti‐retroviral therapy in Malaysia

Macronutrient Supplementation for Malnourished HIV‐Infected Adults: A Review of the Evidence in Resource‐Adequate and Resource‐Constrained Settings

Memory AND effector cells in children with bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

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