Effectiveness of Warnings

Wogalter, Michael S.; Godfrey, Sandra S.; Fontenelle, Gail A.; Desaulniers, David R.; Rothstein, Pamela R.; Laughery, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1177/001872088702900509

Cited by 221 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Study 1 supported the suggestions by Geller et al (1982) and Wogalter et al (1987) the effectiveness of warning signs, because compliance with the warnings occurred among target passengers. Positioning these warning notices in and outside the elevators provided an ideal environment in which to test the effects of visual prompts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…These warning prompts met the criteria for effectiveness discussed above (Geller et al, 1982;Wogalter et al, 1987). Large white posters (11 in.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Designmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Jason, Clay, and Martin (1979) found hazard posters in elevators to reduce public smoking; Lavelli, Lavelli, and Jason (1980) reported signs alone were useful to increase the use of available ear plugs by commuters to reduce hearing loss caused by noisy subway trains. Geller, Winett, and Everett (1982) and Wogalter et al (1987) outlined and empirically supported several criteria necessary for warning posters and signs to be effective. Essentially these criteria involved the presentation of a signal word (e.g., "warning," "caution"), a statement on the health hazard, the aversive consequences of noncompliance, and instructions for a specific "should do" response to avoid danger.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, the message should be attention getting, comprehensive, concise, and durable. Wogalter et al (1987) found, for instance, that to encourage people not to drink contaminated water from a public fountain, a warning poster with attention-getting characteristics (i.e., highlighting the word "warning" with drawings of the head and torso of a person with a mouth and digestive tract revealed) yielded 33% compliance, compared to a less enhanced sign (12%) or a nowarning baseline (0%). Study 1 of this report used visual prompts as a behavior-change intervention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interventions to Reduce High‐volume Portable Headsets: “Turn Down the Sound!”

Ferrari

Chan

1991

J of App Behav Analysis

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Two studies examined effects of interventions to reduce noise levels from portable stereo headphones. Study 1 examined the effectiveness of warning signs posted in and nearby public elevators with 567 passengers possessing a portable headphone (total N = 7,811). During a 9-day baseline, the mean percentage of headphones played at an observer-audible level was 85%. During a subsequent 6-day warning sign phase, the mean percentage of audible headphones declined to 59%, which increased to a mean of 76% during a second baseline phase (5 days). Study 2 assessed the impact of a student confederate who lowered his or her observer-audible headphone volume at the polite request of a second student confederate. Of the 4,069 elevator passengers, 433 possessed a portable headset. The mean percentage of observer-audible headphones during a 4-day baseline was 85%. Subsequently, a 5-day modeling intervention reduced audible volumes to a mean of 46%. During a second baseline phase of 4 days, the mean level was 77%, and during reintroduction of the modeling phase (9 days) the mean level was 42%. The modeling intervention was significantly more effective with women (53% compliance) than men (29% compliance).DESCRIPTORS: audio headsets, signs, modeling, prevention, behavioral community psychology About 23 million portable stereo headset radios and tape players are sold annually in the United States (Monroe, 1990). In many densely populated urban areas, thousands of individuals use these headsets to mask the environmental sounds of city dwelling. Unfortunately, by using a personal stereo, especially if set at a high volume, an individual These studies were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April 1991. These data were collected when the first author was a Visiting Assistant Professor and the second author a B.A. Psychology major at Baruch College, CUNY.The authors thank Leonard Jason and several reviewers for comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and John Andreassi for use and instruction of the sound meter. The authors also thank the following undergraduates who volunteered as observers or models in either or both studies: Alexander Caraballo, Milagros Dueno, Candice Fant, Michael Kieran, Raymond Lo, Sara Morales, Sharon Parris, Marlene Saybe, Sharmilla Sheogobind, Suzanne Sommer, Amy Tran, and Jacinta Vermong. Also, thanks to Ximena Aguirre for designing and drawing the warning prompts used in Study 1, as well as participating as an observer.Correspondence should be addressed to Joseph R. (Lee, Senders, Gantz, & Otto, 1985;Rice, Rossi, & Olina, 1987;Rinntelmann & Peppard, 1983). Navarro (1990) examined 51 portable stereo headsets to determine whether they produced sufficient levels to damage hearing. Each headset was coupled to the artificial ear of a sound level meter and decibel (dB) levels were measured at three settings: one third full volume, two thirds full volume, and fill volume. Results showed that the headsets produced an average of 87 dB at one third volume, 100 d...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…These warning prompts met the criteria for effectiveness discussed above (Geller et al, 1982;Wogalter et al, 1987). Large white posters (11 in.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Designmentioning

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Interventions to Reduce High‐volume Portable Headsets: “Turn Down the Sound!”

Ferrari

Chan

1991

J of App Behav Analysis

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show abstract

“…There are a number of studies reporting that the presence of a warning leads to greater behavioral compliance than not having one. [2][3][4][5][6] In my humble opinion, if a warning can save even one life, then it was well worth the time, effort, and money to construct one. Therefore, what should it take to have an effective warning?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%