Effectiveness of the International Phytosanitary Standard ISPM No. 15 on Reducing Wood Borer Infestation Rates in Wood Packaging Material Entering the United States

Haack, Robert A.; Britton, Kerry O.; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Cavey, Joseph F.; Garrett, Lynn; Kimberley, Mark O.; Lowenstein, Frank; Nuding, Amelia; Olson, Lars J.; Turner, James A.; Vasilaky, Kathryn

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096611

Cited by 139 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…15 (ISPM 15) require that wood and wood products are chemically (methyl bromide fumigation) or heat-treated before being exported to other regions to prevent the introduction of pests and pathogens (Haack et al 2014). Recently, there has been a call for the regulation of imported live plant material, a more likely pathway for eucalypt insect pests than wood products (see above) Roy et al 2014) (Montesclaros Declaration: http://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-7/700000/publications/montesclaros-declaration.…”

Section: Spread For Example Guidelines Proposed Under the Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When dominant routes of entry are known, quarantine and phytosanitary measures can be used more effectively to regulate steps along these pathways (Essl et al 2015). This then reduces the probability of the introduction and establishment of invasive species, an approach referred to as pathway management (Brockerhoff et al 2006b;Liebhold 2012;Liebhold et al 2012;Haack et al 2014;Roy et al 2014). Unfortunately, for insect pests of eucalypts, the pathways of introduction are largely unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Increasing numbers and intercontinental spread of invasive insects on eucalypts

et al. 2016

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Native to Australasia, Eucalyptus (sensu lato) is one of the most planted genera of trees in the world. However, the sustainability of Eucalyptus species as plantation trees in non-native areas is increasingly threatened by the introduction and spread of Eucalyptus-feeding insects fromAustralia. We examine patterns and potential trends with respect to the global spread of Eucalyptusfeeding insects. Likely pathways of introduction and drivers of the rapid distribution of these insects, as well as management options are considered. The rate of introductions is shown to have increased nearly fivefold since the 1980s. As a result, the number of non-native pests of eucalypts outside of Australia has doubled in less than three decades. Furthermore, the rate of secondary spread among continents has also increased. Surprisingly, we found no association between area planted and the number of pests or new introductions. Only a small number of countries have been the points of first detection outside the native range; these countries have acted as bridgeheads to other regions.Quarantine regulations aimed at reducing the spread of invasive organisms appear to be ineffective at a global scale, and pathways allowing these invasions to occur are poorly understood or unknown. An expanded suite of management options are needed to provide resilience against the rapid accrual and homogenization of eucalypt pests, thereby ensuring the sustainability of eucalypt forestry worldwide.

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Section: Spread For Example Guidelines Proposed Under the Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Increasing numbers and intercontinental spread of invasive insects on eucalypts

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“…Based on the current trend on the spread of invasive insect pests of forestry trees (Brockerhoff et al, 2006a;Tobin, 2015) (Haack et al, 2014) should assist in decreasing the rate of spread of these insects, although it is unlikely to completely stop such movement (Brockerhoff et al, 2006b). Though most Pissodes spp.…”

Section: Genetic Structure Of the Pissodes Species In South Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and genetic diversity of two invasive Pissodes spp. Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in their introduced range in the southern hemisphere

et al. 2016

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Department, Uruguay) are acknowledged for providing dead insect specimens. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and comments. AbstractDuring the first half of the twentieth century, two accidental cases of introduction of Pissodes weevils were recorded from the southern hemisphere. The weevils in South Africa were identified as the deodar weevil (Pissodes nemorensis) and those in South America as the small banded pine weevil (Pissodes castaneus). Wide distribution of the two species in their invasive range, general difficulty in identifying some Pissodes spp., and the varying feeding and breeding behaviours of the species in South Africa has necessitated better evidence of 1 species identity and genetic diversity of both species and population structure of the species in South Africa.Barcoding and the Jerry-to-Pat region of the COI gene were investigated. Morphometric data of the South African species was analysed. Our results confirmed the introduction of only one Pissodes species of North American origin to South Africa. However, this species is not P. nemorensis, but an unrecognized species of the P. strobi complex or a hybrid between P. strobi and P. nemorensis. Only P. castaneus, of European origin, was identified from South America. We identified ten mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from South Africa with evidence of moderate genetic structure among geographic populations. Terminal leader and bole-feeding weevils did not differ at the COI locus. A single haplotype was identified from populations of P. castaneus in South America. Results of the present study will have implications on quarantine, research and management of these insect species.

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“…Racemic (E)-fuscumol (> 99% pure; GC/MS), hereafter referred to as "F", was synthesized at the Atlantic Forestry Centre (AFC) by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of commercially available (E)-geranyl acetone (Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, WI, USA; < 0.5% Z-isomer), and the structure of the secondary alcohol verifi ed by Electrospray Ionization mass spectrum, and (FAO, IPPC 2013) that require treatment and certifi cation of wood packaging material has reduced the percentage of shipments that contain live pests, but the sheer volume of international trade suggests that the continued introduction and establishment of new exotic bark and wood-boring insects is highly likely (Haack et al, 2014). Traps baited with host volatiles such as ethanol and α-pinene, as well as pheromones of Ips spp., have been used for surveillance of exotic bark and wood-boring beetles in the United States and Canada for more than a decade Douglas et al, 2013) and have been reasonably successful at detecting exotic Scolytinae (8 among 18 exotic Scolytinae detected in survey traps between 1985 and 2005) but unsuccessful for species in the Cerambycidae or Buprestidae (0 of 7 species combined, for both families) (Haack 2006).…”

Section: Semiochemicals Lures and Release Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%