Effectiveness of sulfonation to produce lignin-containing cellulose micro/nanofibrils (LCM/NF) by grinding

Sustainable Exploitation of Posidonia oceanica Sea Balls (Egagropili): A Review

“…Furthermore, it exhibited a remarkable and stable antioxidant activity that was easily released over 6 months when it was used as an additive in hemp protein-based films. On the other hand, in another paper, lignin-containing cellulose micro/nanofibrils (LCM/NF) were also obtained by combining the steam explosion process or twin-screw extrusion (as energy-efficient pretreatments) with a conventional grinding step [ 27 ]. The chemical composition of the fibers, collected in Monastir ( Figure 2 ), before and after pulping, was analyzed.…”

“…It has been shown that if the sulfonation method was coupled with steam explosion or twin-screw extrusion, then it was possible to obtain LCM/NF gels with relatively low viscosity and nano papers with a Young’s modulus of around 5 GPa. Sulfonation was revealed to be an effective pretreatment to lower the energy during grinding, and therefore it can be considered a valid technique to be applied in the field of packaging [ 27 ]. POEG fibers, collected in Campello Beach in Alicante, Spain (38°21′00.01″ N, 0°29′00″ W) ( Figure 2 ), were exploited in the reinforcement phase and in oil-based polymeric matrices, such as the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) [ 28 ] samples), and more recently even in polyesters [ 28 , 29 ].…”