Effectiveness of School-based Smoking Prevention Program on Ecological Model in Adolescents

Density and Proximity of Licensed Tobacco Retailers and Adolescent Smoking

“…However, because adolescent smoking behavior can lead to established smoking in adulthood (Paavola, Vartiainen, & Haukkala, 2004), health researchers, health policy makers, and health-care providers need to still pay attention to youth experimental smoking. It is possible that adolescent smoking was not measured accurately because of the nature of the self-reported survey data in smoking research (Choi, Ha, & Park, 2012; Jung-Choi, Khang, & Cho, 2012; Park, Kim, Nam, & Hong, 2014). Therefore, the association between the LTR density and proximity and adolescent smoking needs further evaluation by studying clinical indices such as urine cotinine.…”

“…A large number of previous studies found that ecological perspectives were useful in predicting continued smoking or smoking initiation among youths (Otsuki, Tinsley, Chao, & Unger, 2008; Pokorny, Jason, & Schoeny, 2003; Wen, Van Duker, & Olson, 2009; Wilcox, 2003). Choi, Ha, and Park (2012) demonstrated the effectiveness of school-based interventions for adolescent smoking prevention by applying an ecological model in South Korea. Although there have been numerous findings regarding the risk factors that influence smoking behavior among youths (Goldade et al 2012; Lovato et al 2013; Tjora, Hetland, Aaro, & Overland, 2011), there have been only a small number of studies investigating the association between LTR factors such as tobacco marketing in LTRs or geographic location of LTRs and adolescent smoking.…”