“…For athletes, the Olympics are commonly regarded as the pinnacle of athletic achievement, offering them an arena to demonstrate their talent and skills on a global stage. This spectacle is also valued by nations, since it provides them with a unique opportunity to attract more widespread recognition (Xu, 2006), test their elite sport policies and gain a competitive advantage over other countries (De Bosscher, Shilbury, Theeboom, Van Hoecke, & De Knop, 2011). For the host city of an Olympic Games, the mega-event presents them with the chance to showcase themselves, their facilities and their planning capabilities to a global audience, as well as the prospect of making investments in infrastructure, generating income and employment opportunities, attracting tourists and increasing national pride (Gibson, Qi, & Zhang, 2008;Green & Houlihan, 2005;Kasimati, 2003;Rose & Spiegel, 2011;Tien, Lo, & Lin, 2011).…”