Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: a literature review

Campo-Prieto, Pablo; Rodríguez-Fuentes, G.

doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.08.005

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Studies on the effects of MT have not reported long‐term follow‐ups (Campo‐Prieto & Rodríguez‐Fuentes, 2018), but some have informed on short term follow‐ups (i.e. 1–6 months) showing the benefits of MT, particularly the reduction in pain intensity (Timms & Carus, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the above‐mentioned benefits, MT is a valid, simple, easy‐to‐use and low‐cost therapeutic technique that can be widely used to treat PLP (Campo‐Prieto & Rodríguez‐Fuentes, 2018; Kiabi et al, 2013). Despite this, as far as we know, there is no single research about MT treatment in people with PLP and IDD, so the present case‐study is the first of this kind.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report

Folch

Gallo

Miró

et al. 2021

European Journal of Pain

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Background Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a common problem after limb amputation. There is mounting evidence supporting the use of mirror therapy (MT) in the treatment of individuals with PLP. However, there is no research studying the effects of MT on PLP in individuals with intellectual developmental disorders (IDD). The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of MT when used with adults with IDD and PLP through a case study approach. Methods Here, we describe the use of MT with a 53‐year‐old female with moderate IDD and PLP, related to her left leg being amputated after ulcer complications. The study followed an A‐B‐A‐B design (baseline—treatment—withdrawal of treatment—re‐introduction of treatment), lasting 2 years, which included a long‐term follow‐up. Results The data showed that the PLP sensation decreased after the MT treatment, with a raw change of 3.92 points and a 48% decrease in mean pain intensity ratings from pre‐ to post‐treatment. Conclusions This is a unique case‐report on the use of MT with an individual with IDD suffering from PLP. The findings show that MT helped to significantly reduce the intensity of the PLP in this patient. Significance This is a case‐report that illustrates how mirror therapy can be applied to people with intellectual developmental disorders and phantom limb pain. The results showed that phantom limb pain decreased after the mirror therapy, with a raw change of 3,92 points and a percent change of 48%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report

Folch

Gallo

Miró

et al. 2021

European Journal of Pain

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“…On the one hand, adjacent cortical areas can occupy areas corresponding to the amputated limb, causing activation of the affected areas by stimuli from healthy areas [6]. On the other hand, after an amputation, the representation of this part of the body at the central level may remain intact, but there may be a mismatch between the visual feedback it receives and the perception of that limb [7]. Based on these two theories, an incongruity of information can occur between the order that the brain wants to give and the visual and sensitive feedback it receives in response to the pain [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These first two stages have the purpose of reorganizing the representation and the cerebral scheme based on neuroplasticity, activating the premotor and supplementary areas [12,15]. The third stage is mirror therapy, which consists of placing a mirror in the sagittal plane between the limbs, so that the amputated limb is behind the mirror, and the person is asked to observe the reflection of the healthy limb in the mirror [7,11,16]. Through observation, a technique based on mirror neurons, it aims to teach the brain that there can be pain-free movement and to pre-activate injured areas to decrease maladaptive plasticity produced after amputation [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of a Graded Motor Imagery Intervention for Phantom Limb Pain in Patients with Amputations (GraMI Protocol): A Delphi Study

Rierola-Fochs

Varela-Vásquez

Merchán-Baeza

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Phantom limb pain can be defined as discomfort or pain in a missing part of the limb. The aims of this study were to develop and validate, through a Delphi methodology, a graded motor imagery protocol in order to reduce phantom limb pain. Method: Physiotherapists and/or occupational therapists with experience in research and a minimum clinical experience of five years in the field of neurorehabilitation and/or pain were recruited by part of a group of experts to assess the intervention. The study was conducted through an online questionnaire, where experts assessed each aspect of the intervention through a Likert scale. As many rounds as necessary were carried out until consensus was reached among experts. Results: A total of two rounds were required to fully validate the intervention. During the second round, the relative interquartile range of all aspects to be assessed was less than 15%, thus showing a consensus among experts and with good concordance (Kappa index of 0.76). Conclusion: Experts validated a graded motor imagery intervention of phantom limb pain in patients with amputations (GraMi protocol). This intervention can help to homogenize the use of graded motor imagery in future studies and in clinical practice.

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“…The following are available online at , and includes Search Terms: Operational Aide Memoires and a Table of Excluded Records with Reasons [ 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 296 <...>…”

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confidence: 99%

Does TENS Reduce the Intensity of Acute and Chronic Pain? A Comprehensive Appraisal of the Characteristics and Outcomes of 169 Reviews and 49 Meta-Analyses

et al. 2021

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Background and Objectives: Uncertainty about the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) to alleviate pain spans half a century. There has been no attempt to synthesise the entire body of systematic review evidence. The aim of this comprehensive review was to critically appraise the characteristics and outcomes of systematic reviews evaluating the clinical efficacy of TENS for any type of acute and chronic pain in adults. Materials and Methods: We searched electronic databases for full reports of systematic reviews of studies, overviews of systematic reviews, and hybrid reviews that evaluated the efficacy of TENS for any type of clinical pain in adults. We screened reports against eligibility criteria and extracted data related to the characteristics and outcomes of the review, including effect size estimates. We conducted a descriptive analysis of extracted data. Results: We included 169 reviews consisting of eight overviews, seven hybrid reviews and 154 systematic reviews with 49 meta-analyses. A tally of authors’ conclusions found a tendency toward benefits from TENS in 69/169 reviews, no benefits in 13/169 reviews, and inconclusive evidence in 87/169 reviews. Only three meta-analyses pooled sufficient data to have confidence in the effect size estimate (i.e., pooled analysis of >500 events). Lower pain intensity was found during TENS compared with control for chronic musculoskeletal pain and labour pain, and lower analgesic consumption was found post-surgery during TENS. The appraisal revealed repeated shortcomings in RCTs that have hindered confident judgements about efficacy, resulting in stagnation of evidence. Conclusions: Our appraisal reveals examples of meta-analyses with ‘sufficient data’ demonstrating benefit. There were no examples of meta-analyses with ‘sufficient data’ demonstrating no benefit. Therefore, we recommend that TENS should be considered as a treatment option. The considerable quantity of reviews with ‘insufficient data’ and meaningless findings have clouded the issue of efficacy. We offer solutions to these issues going forward.

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Effectiveness of mirror therapy in phantom limb pain: a literature review

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report

Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report

Development and Validation of a Graded Motor Imagery Intervention for Phantom Limb Pain in Patients with Amputations (GraMI Protocol): A Delphi Study

Does TENS Reduce the Intensity of Acute and Chronic Pain? A Comprehensive Appraisal of the Characteristics and Outcomes of 169 Reviews and 49 Meta-Analyses

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