Effectiveness of Media and Enforcement Campaigns in Increasing Seat Belt Usage Rates in a State with a Secondary Seat Belt Law

Vasudevan, Vinod; Nambisan, Shashi; Singh, Ashok K.; Pearl, Traci

doi:10.1080/15389580902995190

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The discussion started with the panelists providing information on their plans to improve the MNH situation in their area. The host also invited members of the audience to raise their questions and concerns publicly on the show.Date: The program series was aired from April to June 2007.Level: nationalType of media: broadcast media (television)Organizer: Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN); a project designed to improve MNH in 10 districts.Study designQualitative methodData sources: interviews with 20 out of 31 participantsOutcomeChange in policy behavior/approachVasudevan 2009 [48]Study settingHealth topic: road safetyState of NE, USPopulationTarget of media intervention: the publicCharacteristics of the media interventionMedia and enforcement campaign:The media and enforcement campaign is part of “Click it or ticket program”. The media campaign consisted of-Paid media (paid television and radio advertisements)-Earned media (ride-along with law enforcement officers, coverage of press event kick offs and upcoming enforcement events, newspaper coverage of enforcement campaign)Date: May 2003, May 2004, and May 2005Level: stateType of media: broadcast media (television and radio), print media (newspapers)Organizer: the stateStudy designQuantitative method: before and after designData sources:-Seat belt usage observations conducted at 50 sites in NevadaOutcomeSeat belt usage ratesRehnman 2005 [47]Study settingHealth topic: alcohol controlNorrmalm (inner-city area), Stockholm, SwedenPopulationTarget of media intervention: the publicCharacteristics of the media interventionBeer campaign:Media intervention was part of a multi-component intervention named “The beer campaign” that consisted of a series of activities involving information/training, media advocacy, and monitoring.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The designs of the 10 evaluation studies wereQuantitative ( n = 7): before and after design ( n = 2) [47, 48], event history analysis ( n = 1) [45], media and document analysis ( n = 1) [44], and cross-sectional survey ( n = 3) [42, 43, 46]. Two of those studies included qualitative components that were not relevant to our question [42, 43].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study targeted policymakers only [41], three targeted the public only [46–48], and six targeted both [42–45, 49, 50]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Media activities included a combination of paid media and earned media, where the topic received recognition and gained publicity for free. Examples of encountered media activities were advertisements ( n = 1) [48], news coverage of events and campaigns ( n = 3) [44, 48, 50], media interviews ( n = 3) [42, 44, 50], TV talk shows ( n = 1) [41], creating videos ( n = 2) [42, 49], launching of websites ( n = 1) [42], framing and releasing of news and press releases ( n = 3) [43, 45, 50], letters to the editor ( n = 3) [42, 43, 46], provision of information kits to media ( n = 2) [43, 46], press conferences ( n = 2) [47, 49], and media events ( n = 1) [45]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other components included enforcement campaign [48], parent meetings, merchant meetings, visits to shops, postcards to parents, letters to merchants, training of staff [47], policy advocacy and community action projects [43], and a public forum [46]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using media to impact health policy-making: an integrative systematic review

et al. 2017

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IntroductionMedia interventions can potentially play a major role in influencing health policies. This integrative systematic review aimed to assess the effects of planned media interventions—including social media—on the health policy-making process.MethodsEligible study designs included randomized and non-randomized designs, economic studies, process evaluation studies, stakeholder analyses, qualitative methods, and case studies. We electronically searched Medline, EMBASE, Communication and Mass Media Complete, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the WHO Global Health Library. We followed standard systematic review methodology for study selection, data abstraction, and risk of bias assessment.ResultsTwenty-one studies met our eligibility criteria: 10 evaluation studies using either quantitative (n = 7) or qualitative (n = 3) designs and 11 case studies. None of the evaluation studies were on social media. The findings of the evaluation studies suggest that media interventions may have a positive impact when used as accountability tools leading to prioritizing and initiating policy discussions, as tools to increase policymakers’ awareness, as tools to influence policy formulation, as awareness tools leading to policy adoption, and as awareness tools to improve compliance with laws and regulations. In one study, media-generated attention had a negative effect on policy advocacy as it mobilized opponents who defeated the passage of the bills that the media intervention advocated for. We judged the confidence in the available evidence as limited due to the risk of bias in the included studies and the indirectness of the evidence.ConclusionThere is currently a lack of reliable evidence to guide decisions on the use of media interventions to influence health policy-making. Additional and better-designed, conducted, and reported primary research is needed to better understand the effects of media interventions, particularly social media, on health policy-making processes, and the circumstances under which media interventions are successful.Trial registrationPROSPERO 2015:CRD42015020243 Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0581-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study targeted policymakers only [41], three targeted the public only [46–48], and six targeted both [42–45, 49, 50]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using media to impact health policy-making: an integrative systematic review

et al. 2017

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Education, incentive, and engineering-based interventions to promote the use of seat belts

Lourens,

Sinclair,

Willems

et al. 2024

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

Goel,

Tiwari,

Varghese

et al. 2024

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundRoad Traffic injuries (RTI) are among the top ten leading causes of death in the world resulting in 1.35 million deaths every year, about 93% of which occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Despite several global resolutions to reduce traffic injuries, they have continued to grow in many countries. Many high‐income countries have successfully reduced RTI by using a public health approach and implementing evidence‐based interventions. As many LMICs develop their highway infrastructure, adopting a similar scientific approach towards road safety is crucial. The evidence also needs to be evaluated to assess external validity because measures that have worked in high‐income countries may not translate equally well to other contexts. An evidence gap map for RTI is the first step towards understanding what evidence is available, from where, and the key gaps in knowledge.ObjectivesThe objective of this evidence gap map (EGM) is to identify existing evidence from all effectiveness studies and systematic reviews related to road safety interventions. In addition, the EGM identifies gaps in evidence where new primary studies and systematic reviews could add value. This will help direct future research and discussions based on systematic evidence towards the approaches and interventions which are most effective in the road safety sector. This could enable the generation of evidence for informing policy at global, regional or national levels.Search MethodsThe EGM includes systematic reviews and impact evaluations assessing the effect of interventions for RTI reported in academic databases, organization websites, and grey literature sources. The studies were searched up to December 2019.Selection CriteriaThe interventions were divided into five broad categories: (a) human factors (e.g., enforcement or road user education), (b) road design, infrastructure and traffic control, (c) legal and institutional framework, (d) post‐crash pre‐hospital care, and (e) vehicle factors (except car design for occupant protection) and protective devices. Included studies reported two primary outcomes: fatal crashes and non‐fatal injury crashes; and four intermediate outcomes: change in use of seat belts, change in use of helmets, change in speed, and change in alcohol/drug use. Studies were excluded if they did not report injury or fatality as one of the outcomes.Data Collection and AnalysisThe EGM is presented in the form of a matrix with two primary dimensions: interventions (rows) and outcomes (columns). Additional dimensions are country income groups, region, quality level for systematic reviews, type of study design used (e.g., case‐control), type of road user studied (e.g., pedestrian, cyclists), age groups, and road type. The EGM is available online where the matrix of interventions and outcomes can be filtered by one or more dimensions. The webpage includes a bibliography of the selected studies and titles and abstracts available for preview. Quality appraisal for systematic reviews was conducted using a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews, AMSTAR 2.Main ResultsThe EGM identified 1859 studies of which 322 were systematic reviews, 7 were protocol studies and 1530 were impact evaluations. Some studies included more than one intervention, outcome, study method, or study region. The studies were distributed among intervention categories as: human factors (n = 771), road design, infrastructure and traffic control (n = 661), legal and institutional framework (n = 424), post‐crash pre‐hospital care (n = 118) and vehicle factors and protective devices (n = 111). Fatal crashes as outcomes were reported in 1414 records and non‐fatal injury crashes in 1252 records. Among the four intermediate outcomes, speed was most commonly reported (n = 298) followed by alcohol (n = 206), use of seatbelts (n = 167), and use of helmets (n = 66). Ninety‐six percent of the studies were reported from high‐income countries (HIC), 4.5% from upper‐middle‐income countries, and only 1.4% from lower‐middle and low‐income countries. There were 25 systematic reviews of high quality, 4 of moderate quality, and 293 of low quality.Authors' ConclusionsThe EGM shows that the distribution of available road safety evidence is skewed across the world. A vast majority of the literature is from HICs. In contrast, only a small fraction of the literature reports on the many LMICs that are fast expanding their road infrastructure, experiencing rapid changes in traffic patterns, and witnessing growth in road injuries. This bias in literature explains why many interventions that are of high importance in the context of LMICs remain poorly studied. Besides, many interventions that have been tested only in HICs may not work equally effectively in LMICs. Another important finding was that a large majority of systematic reviews are of low quality. The scarcity of evidence on many important interventions and lack of good quality evidence‐synthesis have significant implications for future road safety research and practice in LMICs. The EGM presented here will help identify priority areas for researchers, while directing practitioners and policy makers towards proven interventions.

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Effectiveness of Media and Enforcement Campaigns in Increasing Seat Belt Usage Rates in a State with a Secondary Seat Belt Law

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Using media to impact health policy-making: an integrative systematic review

Using media to impact health policy-making: an integrative systematic review

Education, incentive, and engineering-based interventions to promote the use of seat belts

Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map

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