Effectiveness of Low-level Laser Therapy in the Management of the Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Placebo-controlled Trial

Role of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Modulating Oxidative Stress in Temporomandibular Disorders. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Randomised Controlled Trials

“…The sample size (n) distribution amongst the included studies was as follows; n > 50 in 10 studies [58,64,65,69,82,[89][90][91]93,98], n = 40-50 in 15 studies [59,61,62,67,68,70,73,[83][84][85]87,88,92,95,99], n = 30-40 in 7 studies [72,73,75,78,81,95,98], n = 20-30 in 7 studies [57,58,76,77,80,87,97] and n = 10-20 in 5 studies [61,64,67,79,82].…”

“…Amongst the included studies, gender distribution was noted as follows: more than a 50% female population in 27 studies [57][58][59]62,65,[67][68][69][70][71][73][74][75][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]91,97,98,100], an onlyfemale population in eight studies [61,72,76,77,90,93,95,99] and an approximately equal proportion of both males and female population in three studies [63,92,96]. Additionally, five studies failed to report any relevant information on gender distribution in their respective studies [60,64,66,78,84].…”

“…The majority of the included studies reported a combination of one or more of the following symptoms upon their first visit to the hospital; myofascial pain in 13 studies [59,67,68,72,76,78,[80][81][82]94,97,98,100], orofacial pain in nine studies [58,69,71,[73][74][75]87,96,99], MPDS in nine studies [66,67,78,81,[96][97][98][99][100], limited MM in five studies [58,66,75,87,91], disc displacement in five studies [57,60,64,70,97], whereas capsulitis/synovitis [57,60,64] and limited mouth opening [77,84,89] were in three studies each. Two studies presented with TMJ clicking [87,…”

“…Two studies presented with TMJ clicking [87,90], tooth wear [61,91] and muscle disorders [52,77]. However, eleven studies did not specify the origin of the pain [60][61][62][63][64]66,79,[85][86][87][88]. One study each reported patients with TMJ arthralgia [59], joint cracking [61], chewing difficulties [58], joint rigidity [61], head and neck pain [84] and joint noises [85].…”

“…The affected areas in the included studies were categorized as follows: TMJ in nine studies [57,59,60,63,65,70,88,96,99]; extraoral (EO) masticatory muscles in eight studies [66,68,76,78,80,81,83,97]; intraoral (IO) masticatory muscles in one study [95]; TMJ and masticatory muscles (EO) in 10 studies [69,[73][74][75]85,[90][91][92][93]98]; TMJ and masticatory muscles (EO and IO) in seven studies [11,16,21,28,33,38,44]; TMJ, masticatory muscles (EO) and cervical (neck muscles) in four studies [61,62,71,87]; TMJ, masticatory (EO and IO) and cervical muscles in four studies [58,64,79,82]; and masticatory (EO and IO) and cervical muscles in one study [86].…”