Effectiveness of iron therapy on breath-holding spells

Daoud, Azhar S.; Batieha, Anwar; Al-Sheyyab, Mahmoud; Abu-Ekteish, Faisal; Hijazi, Sa'ad

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70237-3

Cited by 109 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Iron deficiency anemia may lead to adverse effects on oxygen uptake in the lungs and reduce avaliable oxygen to the tissues, including central nervous system tissues. Researchers suggested that breath-holding spells may recover with iron therapy (9).…”

Section: De Ef Fi Ic CI Ie En Nc Cy Y O Of F I Ir Ro On N I Ir Ro Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron and Zinc Levels in Breath-Holding Spells

Gençgönül¹

2002

Journal of Ankara Medical School

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Section: De Ef Fi Ic CI Ie En Nc Cy Y O Of F I Ir Ro On N I Ir Ro Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron and Zinc Levels in Breath-Holding Spells

Gençgönül¹

2002

Journal of Ankara Medical School

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“…In our study, the most common type was cyanotic Breath holding spells (66.1%) which was in agreement with previous study reports. 4,5,8,9,15,17 Based on number of previous studies, it is now well established that checking for iron deficiency or anaemia is probably worthwhile and also a trial of iron therapy is beneficial in reducing the frequency of Breath holding spells, especially in children with laboratory evidence of anaemia. 19 Chandra et al study was carried out in Chandigarh with the objective of assessing the haemoglobin levels in children with Breath holding spells and determining the therapeutic role of iron in its management.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, treatment of coexisting anaemia or iron deficiency is needed if it is present as the spells are made worse by iron deficiency anaemia. 1,2,3,4 Hence, we analysed the clinical and epidemiological profile of children with Breath holding spells in our study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Epidemiological Profile of Breath Holding Spells (Bhs)- An Analysis of 115 Cases

Bhavanishankar¹,

Ramu²,

N³

2018

jemds

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BACKGROUND Breath holding spells are common in non-epileptic, repetitive, paroxysmal events in young infants and children often considered as seizure mimics/ confused with seizure disorder can be a frightening experience for parents and demands a good history of the sequence of events, because the diagnosis is made clinically. Aims and Objectives-To study the disease spectrum of Breath holding spells in infants and children in terms of clinical and epidemiological profile (i.e. age, sex, family history, parental consanguinity, triggering factors, associated comorbidities such as anaemia etc.). MATERIALS AND METHODSThis case series study was conducted in our Child health clinics. A total of 125 children below 6 years with Breath holding spells were enrolled between May 2012 and April 2017, out of which 10 children were excluded from the study due to various causes. Remaining 115 children diagnosed as Breath holding spells by typical history, clinical examination and after ruling out other causes which mimic Breath holding spells are included in the study. RESULTSIn the present study, a total of 115 children aged between 6 months and below 6 years were diagnosed as having Breath holding spells. In 73 (63.41%) cases Breath holding spells began during the first 24 months of age. Most common triggering factor bei ng anger (45.2%) and pain (41.7%). A positive family history was found in 27% and parental consanguinity was found in 30.43% of cases. The spells were cyanotic in 62.6% and 76.52% were anaemic. CONCLUSIONThe result of this study suggests a new data regarding the natural history of Breath holding spells and is important for identifying interventional strategies and parental counselling and could serve as baseline data for future approaches on this paediatric clinical entity. KEYWORDSBreath Holding Spells, Cyanotic, Pallid, Anaemia. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Bhavanishankar R, Ramu P, Chaitanya N. Clinical and epidemiological profile of breath holding spells (BHS)-an analysis of 115 cases. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2018;7(04):534-539, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2018/119 BACKGROUND Breath holding spells are common in non-epileptic, repetitive, reflexive events described under "behavioural disorders" of children and are initiated by provocative events that cause anger, frustration or pain causing the child to cry. The term Breath holding spells is actually a misnomer, as these are not self-induced but results from immaturity of autonomic system and occurs in two different forms. The first type is pallid Breath holding spells. The second type is the cyanotic or blue Breath holding spells. Episodes usually start with a cry (often in the case of pallid type, a silent cry with marked pallor) and progress to apnoea and cyanosis. Some authors have described third variety as mixed Breath holding spells,

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“…Bhatia et al also observed that children with BHS had significantly lower haemoglobin and serum iron values, a lower percentage of transferrin saturation, and higher TIBC than those of controls [42]. Several other workers have studied the role of iron in resolution of BHS and reported significant benefit from iron treatment [43][44][45].…”

Section: Ida and Breath Holding Spellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Deficiency: Beyond Anemia

Yadav

Chandra

2010

Indian J Pediatr

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Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting at least one third of world's population. Though anemia is common manifestation of iron deficiency, other effects of iron deficiency on various tissues, organs and systems are usually under recognized. Impaired brain development and cognitive, behavioural and psychomotor impairment are most worrisome manifestations of iron deficiency. Studies have demonstrated that some of these changes occurring during period of brain growth spurt (<2 years age) may be irreversible. Association of iron deficiency with febrile seizures, pica, breath holding spells, restless leg syndrome and thrombosis is increasingly being recognized. Impaired cell-mediated immunity and bactericidal function are generally noted in iron-deficient persons; however, the findings are inconsistent. Despite proven reversible functional immunological defects in vitro studies, a clinically important relationship between states of iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections remains controversial. Studies from malaria endemic regions have reported increased incidence of malaria in association with iron supplementation. These and some other aspects of iron deficiency are reviewed in this article.

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Effectiveness of iron therapy on breath-holding spells

Cited by 109 publications

References 11 publications

Iron and Zinc Levels in Breath-Holding Spells

Iron and Zinc Levels in Breath-Holding Spells

Clinical and Epidemiological Profile of Breath Holding Spells (Bhs)- An Analysis of 115 Cases

Iron Deficiency: Beyond Anemia

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