Effectiveness of Information Processing Strategy Training on Academic Task Performance in Children with Learning Disabilities: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Learning disabilities (LD) can be associated with problems in the four stages of information processing used in learning: input, throughput, output, and feedback. These problems affect the child's ability to learn and perform activities in daily life, especially during academic activities. This study is a pilot study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of information processing strategy training using a combination of two approaches that address the ability to apply processing strategies during academic activities in children with LD. The two approaches are the Perceive, Recall, Plan, and Perform (PRPP) System of Intervention, which is a strategy training intervention, and the Four-Quadrant Model (4QM) of Facilitated Learning approach, which is a systematic facilitator technique. Twenty children with LD were assigned to two groups: the experimental group (n = 10) and the control group (n = 10). Children in the experimental group received the intervention twice a week for 6 consecutive weeks. Each treatment session took approximately 50 minutes. Children in the control group received traditional intervention twice a week for 6 consecutive weeks. The results indicated that the combination of the PRPP System of Intervention and the 4QM may improve the participants' ability to apply information processing strategies during academic activities.

Effect of Occupation Performance Coaching with Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning on Children with Specific Learning Disorder

“…In addition, one of the parts of the problem-solving process in OPC is a generalization and the fourth quadrant of the 4QM also includes problem-solving and thinking strategies; therefore, it seems that the child achieves autonomy in one goal by generalization to other contexts. This seems to be in agreement with the findings of Juntorn et al and Jamali et al [ 35 , 63 ].…”

“…The development of specific skills required for occupational performance in our study was done using 4QM which confirms the study of Sohlberg et al about the effectiveness of the systematic instruction approach [36]. Furthermore, our results also support Juntorn et al's study which indicated that systematic prompts of 4QM were used to improve the ability of mothers to recall information about how to sequence steps needed for their child's goals [35]. Occupational therapists believe that for health and well-being as the core of the ICF-CY, there must be a balance in the occupational performance areas such as self-care, productivity, and leisure [64].…”

“…The OPC approach is potentially effective in improving children's occupational performance by empowering the mothers [ 28 , 29 , 35 ]. On the other hand, with the addition of the 4QM as a reinforcement tool, the OPC can enhance mothers' learning needs and facilitate the teaching necessary skills by mothers to their children with SLD to achieve autonomy and independence in activities of daily life [ 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Occupational Therapy International Quadrant 3 encourages the child to recall key points through the use of overt self-prompts, and finally, a range of selfregulatory cognitive and metacognitive strategies that are not obvious to observe underpins autonomy in the goals of occupational performance used in quadrant 4 [32]. The OPC approach is potentially effective in improving children's occupational performance by empowering the mothers [28,29,35]. On the other hand, with the addition of the 4QM as a reinforcement tool, the OPC can enhance mothers' learning needs and facilitate the teaching necessary skills by mothers to their children with SLD to achieve autonomy and independence in activities of daily life [35,36].…”

Development of a Diagnosis and Evaluation System for Hemiplegic Patients Post-Stroke Based on Motion Recognition Tracking and Analysis of Wrist Joint Kinematics

“…Thus, the therapist has the primary goal of making possible the recovery of the affected upper extremities [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Task-oriented training is a very beneficial therapy for upper extremity rehabilitation [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Intensive repeated training is also an essential therapy for nerve rehabilitation interventions as it can help nerve regeneration and upper extremity function enhancement [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”