Effectiveness of holographic optical element module sensor in measuring blood prothrombin time

Abstract

A small-form-factor holographic optical element (HOE) module, which was mounted on a dual-stage seesaw actuator, was utilized to evaluate blood coagulation in real time. The method involved assessing the decrease in transmitted light of the blood sample surface when the clotting is formed. The prothrombin time (PT) was measured by illumining and focusing a 635 nm laser beam onto the sample. As the fibrinogen turned into non-solute fibrin, the transmitted efficiency and total intensity of the reflected light from the reflector changed. A low-pass filter suppressed the noise in the coagulation-related transient response to yield accurate signals. Finally, the PT measurements were compared to those made classically using other optical sensors.

Evolving Paradigm of Prothrombin Time Diagnostics with Its Growing Clinical Relevance towards Cardio-Compromised and COVID-19 Affected Population

“…Further, the formation of the clot causes an obstructed transmittance, which is detected by a photodetector present at the other end of the chamber to generate the equivalent PT/INR readings. Apart from the commercial devices, several transmittance-based designing attempts have been made by Yang et al (2012, 2013) [ 48 ], Lin et al (2014) [ 49 ], and Isiksacan et al (2018) [ 50 ] in the recent past. Yang et al (2012, 2013) proposed a portable coagulation device ( Figure 7 a) with an optical source, a receiving/detector module, a display module, a data transmission module, a timer, and a power supply integrated into a unit to perform data processing using the microsensor test card.…”

“…The mean relative error of the reported device in comparison to the standard manual PT method was reported to be less than 5% or 1 s. The same device with a few more design modifications was further tested for 167 whole blood samples, and it showed a success rate of 91.6%, which demonstrates the accuracy further [ 46 ]. Lin et al in 2014 [ 49 ] also engineered an optical sensing module, but comprising a small-form-factor holographic optical element (HOE) mounted on a dual-stage seesaw actuator designed to sense the change in transmission efficiency and the total intensity of the reflected light. The following setup was utilized to measure PT by illuminating the sample using a 635 nm laser beam and further noting the transmittance and absorbance components from the reflector.…”

Blood coagulation dynamic testing sensor based on electromagnetic vibration

“…2 The key factor of blood coagulation test is the sensor, which has been investigated both at home and abroad. For instance, Oberfrank et al 3 from the University of Tu¨bingen, Germany and Lakshmanan et al 4 from the University of Dublin, Ireland had developed the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) blood viscosity measurement sensor based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS); Lin et al 5 from National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan had developed the light induction blood coagulation sensor based on holographic optical technology; Xu et al 6 from Arizona state university had established an acoustic resonator (composite thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonator (C-FBAR)) that could detect the prothrombin during whole blood coagulation; Von Kaullafrom Sienco Inc. (USA) had developed the in vitro blood coagulation and platelet function detector (SONOCLOT) through the blood clot viscoelasticity detected by the ultrasonic sensor; 7 (Zhang Bo, 2006) from the Third Military Medical University, China had developed a piezoelectric crystal-based blood coagulation detection pool and applied mathematical modeling method in achieving blood coagulation detection of time. 8 Typically, the design principles of sensor mentioned above are associated with their own advantages and disadvantages, and all of them have employed the blood coagulation testing principle of wet biochemical method.…”

Design and fabrication of different types of holographic lenses, with analysis of their imagery and aberration

“…HOEs are emerging as viable alternatives to conventional optical elements in many applications due to their light weight, low cost and simple fabrication technique [42][43][44][45][46]. They have potential applications in optical and opto-electronic systems such as imaging applications (coherent imaging, broadband imaging, white light imaging) [47][48][49][50][51][52], non-imaging applications (filters, solar concentrators) [53,54], optical information processing (pattern recognition, information encoding, optical interconnection, optical switching, phase shifting and modulation) [55][56][57][58], optical-fiber communications (wavelength multiplexers, de-multiplexers, couplers and branching elements) [59][60][61][62], optical scanners (bar-code readers, facsimile systems, computer printers, point-of-sale-scanners and laser displays) [63,64], optical sensors (finger print sensors, humidity and temperature sensors) [65,66], optical disc pickup heads (compact audio and video disc players and computer disc drives) [67,68], optical beam shaping [69], optical micromanipulation [70], defense applications (holographic head-up displays, weapon sights, night vision glasses) [71][72][73][74], conical scanning lidar telescopes [75], laser doppler anemometry [76] and many others [77][78][79]…”