Effectiveness of guideline faecal indicator organism values in estimation of exposure risk at recreational coastal sites

Craig, D.L.; Fallowfield, Howard; Cromar, Nancy

doi:10.2166/wst.2003.0194

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Seasonal detection frequencies for Salmonella sp. in water environments were related to monthly maximum precipitation in summer and fall following fecal contamination events (Craig et al, 2003; Martinez-Urtaza et al, 2004). Floods caused by heavy rainfall events may disrupt water treatment and sewage systems and contribute to increased exposure to Salmonella sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Impact Assessment of Food- and Waterborne Diseases

Semenza

Herbst

Rechenburg

et al. 2012

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

142

111

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The PubMed and ScienceDirect bibliographic databases were searched for the period of 1998–2009 to evaluate the impact of climatic and environmental determinants on food- and waterborne diseases. The authors assessed 1,642 short and concise sentences (key facts), which were extracted from 722 relevant articles and stored in a climate change knowledge base. Key facts pertaining to temperature, precipitation, water, and food for 6 selected pathogens were scrutinized, evaluated, and compiled according to exposure pathways. These key facts (corresponding to approximately 50,000 words) were mapped to 275 terminology terms identified in the literature, which generated 6,341 connections. These relationships were plotted on semantic network maps to examine the interconnections between variables. The risk of campylobacteriosis is associated with mean weekly temperatures, although this link is shown more strongly in the literature relating to salmonellosis. Irregular and severe rain events are associated with Cryptosporidium sp. outbreaks, while noncholera Vibrio sp. displays increased growth rates in coastal waters during hot summers. In contrast, for Norovirus and Listeria sp. the association with climatic variables was relatively weak, but much stronger for food determinants. Electronic data mining to assess the impact of climate change on food- and waterborne diseases assured a methodical appraisal of the field. This climate change knowledge base can support national climate change vulnerability, impact, and adaptation assessments and facilitate the management of future threats from infectious diseases. In the light of diminishing resources for public health this approach can help balance different climate change adaptation options.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Impact Assessment of Food- and Waterborne Diseases

Semenza

Herbst

Rechenburg

et al. 2012

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

142

111

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“…It has been established through previous studies that FIB alone are not adequate predictors of pathogen presence (Craig et al. 2003; Anderson et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at Florida Gulf coast Beaches

Korajkic

Brownell

Harwood

2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Water quality at two Florida beaches was compared using faecal indicator bacteria measurements, microbial source tracking (MST) methods for detecting human source pollution and the assessment of pathogen presence. These values were also compared before and after remediation of wastewater infrastructure at one beach. Methods and Results: Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were enumerated in estuarine water and sediment samples. PCR assays for the human‐associated esp gene of Enterococcus faecium and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were used to detect human sewage. Culturable Salmonella and enteric viruses were also analysed. MST identified human sewage contamination at one beach, leading to repair of a sewer main and relocation of portable restrooms. Exceedances of Florida recreational water regulatory standards were significantly reduced after remediation (by 52% for faecal coliforms and 39% for enterococci), and the frequency of detection of MST markers decreased. Coxsackie virus B4 and HPyVs were codetected following a major sewage spill, but Salmonella was not detected during the study. Conclusions: These data indicate that infrastructure remediation significantly reduced pollution from human sewage at the impacted beach. Significance and Impact of the Study: A comprehensive microbial water quality study that can identify contamination sources through the use of MST markers and close collaboration with local/and state agencies can result in tangible actions to improve recreational water quality and safety.

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“…To date, assessments of health risks associated with exposure to pathogens in sediment have been conducted only rarely, the focus appearing to be more on beachgoers (e.g., those visiting the ocean or Great Lakes). Sediment exposure among recreators at and visitors to rivers or smaller lakes has not been described well in the scientific literature (14,17,54,78). In particular, the risks faced by homeless individuals (who likely have the greatest potential for exposure and who may often rely upon local rivers or lakes for their daily needs) are poorly characterized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Sediments of the Lower Passaic River

Donovan¹,

Staskal

Unice

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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High levels of pathogenic microorganisms have been documented previously in waters of the Lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbial contamination of river sediments near combined sewer overflows (CSOs), a known source of pathogens. Concentrations of fecal coliform, total coliform, fecal Streptococcus, fecal Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum organisms were measured in 16 samples from three mudflat locations along the Lower Passaic River, as well as from an upstream location. Selected samples were also analyzed for antibiotic resistance. All of the samples contained high concentrations of total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal Streptococcus, and fecal Enterococcus organisms. Analysis of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli from several samples indicated that each strain was resistant to at least one antibiotic typically used in clinical settings. Eight of 16 samples contained Giardia, and one sample contained Cryptosporidium. With these sampling data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the probability of infection or illness resulting from incidental ingestion of contaminated sediments over a 1-year period. Three potential exposure scenarios were considered: visitor, recreator, and homeless person. Single-event risk was first evaluated for the three individual exposure scenarios; overall risk was then determined over a 1-year period using Monte Carlo techniques to characterize uncertainty.

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Effectiveness of guideline faecal indicator organism values in estimation of exposure risk at recreational coastal sites

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Climate Change Impact Assessment of Food- and Waterborne Diseases

Climate Change Impact Assessment of Food- and Waterborne Diseases

Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at Florida Gulf coast Beaches

Risk of Gastrointestinal Disease Associated with Exposure to Pathogens in the Sediments of the Lower Passaic River

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