Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using floating rafts a promising phyto-remedial approach: A review

Abstract

Treatment of wastewater will lead to the problems again, if we will not use new more efficient alternative technologies/methods to avoid drawback of old technologies. Loss of water can be reduced through application of easy, inexpensive and eco-friendly technologies for wastewater treatment. Using Floating rafts to purify polluted wastewater is a process/method of ecological restoration at in-situ, as well as a complicated physical (attachment of pollutants to the root surface), chemical (degradation of metals into less toxic form) and biological process (microbial processes). Its core is utilizing aquatic plants such as Canna and Water lily and root attached microbes such as bac-teria, fungi and algae to absorb pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, degrade organic matter and accumulates heavy metals in their biomass. Phytoremediation of polluted wastewater using the Floating rafts technique is an Eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment, which is economically effective to construct, requires little maintenance and increase the biodiversity as different types of plants are used. Floating rafts technique has been applied to some water pollution control projects at domestic and abroad. However, there are some factors such as plants, temperature, seasons, hydraulic retention time, coverage and initial concentration of pollutants etc. influenced to the pollutants removal efficiency of Floating rafts. In the future, the development orientation has been subjected to plant and its combinations, the transformation of Floating rafts structure and the utilization of aquatic plants, and probed the technology of Floating rafts building and management, to implement the win-win of landscape benefit and ecological function.

The phytoremediation of Echinodorus palaefolius (Water Jasmine) in reducing BOD and COD of liquid waste - Batik Industry "X" in Pekalongan

“…The Echinodorus palaefolius (Water Jasmine) plant can be used as a phytoremediation plant because it has large hollow roots and stems which have the ability to supply large amounts of oxygen to the roots so that Echinodorus palaefolius (Water Jasmine) has the ability to process pollutants in water. [15]. In this process, plants that have absorbed organic and inorganic pollutants try to prevent poisoning due to pollutants to their cells by accumulating these toxins in certain organs, such as the roots, which will be translocated into the aerial tissue and enter the xylem and must pass through the casparian, this functions so as not to inhibit them.…”

Assessing the Native Plant Species for Phytoremediation of Freshwater Bodies in Southern Ontario, Canada

“…Through their system of aquatic plants and microorganisms, wetlands absorb sediments and excess nutrients to supply clean water with lower levels of nutrients and microorganisms [12]. Wetlands sequester nutrients [13] and purify water through physical (sedimentation), chemical (adsorption, precipitation, chelation), and biological (plant uptake) processes [14,[16][17][18]. The latter process of wetlands is replicated to remove, detoxify, or immobilize nutrients from freshwater bodies, which is called phytoremediation.…”

“…At a large spatial scale, improving and restoring contaminated water bodies requires huge investments [16]. In such cases, the implementation of phytoremediation is pragmatic as it involves a floating system in the form of a buoyant mat or raft that helps plants to grow above the water with their roots in the water [17]. However, the first step toward the application of the phytoremediation technique is to identify the plants that have a high efficacy to accumulate dissolved nutrients and other contaminants from contaminated waters [14].…”

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“…Through their system of aquatic plants and microorganisms, wetlands absorb sediments and excess nutrients to supply clean water with lower levels of nutrients and microorganisms [12]. Wetlands sequester nutrients [13] and purify water through physical (sedimentation), chemical (adsorption, precipitation, chelation), and biological (plant uptake) processes [14,[16][17][18]. The latter process of wetlands is replicated to remove, detoxify, or immobilize nutrients from freshwater bodies, which is called phytoremediation.…”

“…At a large spatial scale, improving and restoring contaminated water bodies requires huge investments [16]. In such cases, the implementation of phytoremediation is pragmatic as it involves a floating system in the form of a buoyant mat or raft that helps plants to grow above the water with their roots in the water [17]. However, the first step toward the application of the phytoremediation technique is to identify the plants that have a high efficacy to accumulate dissolved nutrients and other contaminants from contaminated waters [14].…”