Effectiveness of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) During the Pandemic Era: A Literature Review

Abstract

Worldwide pandemic with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As November 2, 2022, World Health Organization (WHO) received 628,035,553 reported incidents on COVID-19, with 6,572,800 mortalities and, with a total 12,850,970,971 vaccine doses have been delivered as of October 31, 2022. The infection can cause mild or self-limiting symptoms of pulmonary and severe infections or death may be caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Simultaneously, antivirals, corticosteroids, immunological treatments, antibiotics, and anticoagulants have been proposed as potential medicines to cure COVID-19 affected patients. Among these initial treatments, COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP), which was retrieved from COVID-19 recovered patients to be used as passive immune therapy, in which antibodies from cured patients were given to infected patients to prevent illness. Such treatment has yielded the best results in earlier with preventative or early stages of illness. Convalescent plasma (CP) is the first treatment available when infectious disease initially appears, although few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. The historical record suggests with potential benefit for other respiratory infections, as coronaviruses like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-I (SARS-CoV-I) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), though the analysis of such research is constrained by some non-randomized experiments (NREs). Rigorous studies on CP are made more demanding by the following with the immediacy of the epidemics, CP use may restrict the ability to utilize it for clinical testing, non-homogenous nature of product, highly decentralized manufacturing process; constraints with capacity to measure biologic function, ultimate availability of substitute therapies, as antivirals, purified immune globulins, or monoclonal antibodies. Though, it is still not clear how effectively CCP works among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The current review tries to focus on its efficiency and usage in clinical scenarios and identifying existing benefits of implementation during pandemic or how it may assist with future pandemic preventions.

COVID-19 and chronic kidney disease: a bibliometric analysis

“…Before the COVID-19 pandemic, #6 convalescent plasma had been used in the treatment of other viral infections with positive results 29 . For kidney disease patients who are unable to utilize antiviral medications due to contraindications or safety concerns, convalescent plasma is an alternate treatment 30 . Unfortunately, multiple studies have found that convalescent plasma had no impact on the incidence of mortality or composite poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients 31 – 33 .…”

“…COVID-19 patients with CKD not only have a worse prognosis but are also more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia 34 . Although a lot of research has been conducted to find a solution for COVID-19, satisfactory results have not been achieved 30 . Therefore, how to help CKD patients, especially ESRD patients, prevent COVID-19 is very important for both doctors and patients.…”

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with Different Outcome, Treated with Convalescent Plasma

“…Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что трансфузии ССР наиболее эффективны в условиях отсутствия у пациентов явлений цитокинового шторма и признаков тяжелой мультиорганной недостаточности. Переливание ССР следует рассматривать как актуальное для пациентов с COVID-19, имеющих иммунодефицитные состояния, в том числе у пациентов на фоне полихимиотерапии злокачественного новообразования [1,3,5,7]. ВЫВОДЫ 1.…”

“…и вызванное коронавирусом типа 2 тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV 2). Для терапии COVID-19 были использованы различные лекарственные средства, включая противовирусные препараты, кортикостероиды, иммунопрепараты, антибиотики, антикоагулянты, а также плазма переболевших лиц (COVID-19 convalescent plasma, CCP) [1]. Использование ССР на ранних этапах заболевания оказалось эффективным средством лечения, хотя ее клиническая эффективность не всегда была доказана [2][3][4][5][6].…”

“…Использование ССР на ранних этапах заболевания оказалось эффективным средством лечения, хотя ее клиническая эффективность не всегда была доказана [2][3][4][5][6]. Тяжесть состояния, ранние сроки применения и наличие иммуносупрессии оказывали существенное влияние на результаты лечения COVID-19 с использованием ССР [1,[4][5][6][7]. При этом отмечено, что терапевтическое действие ССР связано не только с наличием противовирусных антител, но также Оригинальные исследования.…”