Effectiveness of Breakpoint Chlorination and Rechlorination on Nitrified Chloraminated Water

Karthik, N.B.; Krishna, KC Bal; Sathasivan, Arumugam

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/464/1/012001

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The AWWA M56 guidance (AWWA, 2006) suggests that 1 mg/L residual is sufficient for controlling nitrification, while other guidance documents suggest that 1.5 mg/L or higher is required (Harms & Owen, 2004; Karthik, Krishna, & Sathasivan, 2020; Kirmeyer, 2000; Sathasivan, Tan, Zhan, & Al‐Ithari, 2009). Those recommendations were made for nitrification control in water supplier distribution system pipes that are assumed to have flowing water with a consistent disinfectant residual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full factorial study of pipe characteristics, stagnation times, and water quality

Tolofari

Masters²,

Bartrand³

et al. 2020

AWWA Water Science

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This study examines the effect of pipe characteristics and stagnation time on nitrification, disinfectant loss, and organic carbon concentrations. Pipe racks consisting of different pipe materials (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride [CPVC], cross‐linked polyethylene [PEX‐B], and copper), diameters (0.75 and 0.5 in.), and water stagnation times (1 week and 12 hr) were set up in two cities with different disinfectants (chloramine and free chlorine) and different corrosion control (orthophosphate vs. pH/alkalinity adjustment). Copper pipe material had lower residual concentrations relative to plastic pipe in both water systems. In the chloramine system, residual concentrations were lower for smaller‐diameter pipes, whereas diameter did not strongly influence residual concentration in the chlorine system. Total organic carbon (TOC) increased during stagnation in the chloramine system. Nitrification was observed in the chloramine system for stagnation times of 1 week and 12 hr, indicating that flushing as frequently as every 12 hr may not be an effective mechanism for nitrification control in building plumbing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full factorial study of pipe characteristics, stagnation times, and water quality

Tolofari

Masters²,

Bartrand³

et al. 2020

AWWA Water Science

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“…Excessive ammonia in water is undesirable and usually causes environmental problems, such as surface water eutrophication and acute toxicity of aquatic biota [1,2]. Various approaches, such as biological denitrification [3], air stripping [4], ion exchange [5], breakpoint chlorination [6], and chemical oxidation [7], have been applied to the elimination of ammonia from wastewater. In industrial-based wastewater, the ammonia content may achieve up to 1000 mg/L attributed to the sources of chemical fertilizer, coking, pharmaceutical, and petroleum refining [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanobubble Technology Enhanced Ozonation Process for Ammonia Removal

Tian

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Water

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Ozone (O3) has been widely used for water and wastewater treatment due to its strong oxidation ability, however, the utilization efficiency of O3 is constrained by its low solubility and short half-life during the treatment process. Thereby, an integrated approach using novel nanobubble technology and ozone oxidation method was studied in order to enhance the ozonization of ammonia. Artificial wastewater (AW) with an initial concentration of 1600 mg/L ammonia was used in this study. In the ozone-nanobubble treatment group, the concentration of nano-sized bubbles was 2.2 × 107 particles/mL, and the bubbles with <200 nm diameter were 14 times higher than those in the ozone-macrobubble treatment control group. Ozone aeration was operated for 5 min in both nanobubble treatment and control groups, however, the sampling and measurement were conducted for 30 min to compare the utilization of O3 for ammonia oxidation. H+ was the by-product of the ammonia ozonation process, thus the pH decreased from 8 to 7 and 7.5 in nanobubble treatment and control groups, respectively, after 30 min of operation. The fast removal of ammonia was observed in both systems in the first 10 min, where the concentration of ammonia decreased from 1600 mg/L to 835 and 1110 mg/L in nanobubble treatment and control groups, respectively. In the nanobubble treatment group, ammonia concentrations kept the fast-decreasing trend and reached the final removal performance of 82.5% at the end of the experiment, which was significantly higher than that (44.2%) in the control group. Moreover, the first-order kinetic model could be used to describe the removal processes and revealed a significantly higher kinetic rate constant (0.064 min−1) compared with that (0.017 min−1) in the control group. With these results, our study highlights the viability of the proposed integrated approach to enhance the ozonation of a high level of ammonia in contaminated water.

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Controlling the formation of halogenated byproducts in the chlorination of source waters by oxidative pre-treatment with the Fe(II)/Fe(III)-S(IV)-air system

Truzsi¹,

Kovács²,

Bodnár³

et al. 2022

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Effectiveness of Breakpoint Chlorination and Rechlorination on Nitrified Chloraminated Water

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Full factorial study of pipe characteristics, stagnation times, and water quality

Full factorial study of pipe characteristics, stagnation times, and water quality

Nanobubble Technology Enhanced Ozonation Process for Ammonia Removal

Controlling the formation of halogenated byproducts in the chlorination of source waters by oxidative pre-treatment with the Fe(II)/Fe(III)-S(IV)-air system

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