Effectiveness of an Uncertainty Management Psychoeducation Program for Schizophrenia Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background: The inconsistent course of schizophrenia causes a long-term experience of uncertainty for individuals and their families. In Turkey, no studies yet exist that have attempted to address this constant uncertainty that is experienced by caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Aims: To evaluate the effects of the Uncertainty Management Psychoeducation Program on reducing uncertainty and intolerance to uncertainty, improving psychological well-being, and coping styles in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Method: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Caregivers of schizophrenia inpatients were recruited from the psychiatry clinic of a university-affiliated hospital. Data were collected between April 2019 and August 2020. Eligible individuals were randomly allocated to one of the two groups: intervention or control. The intervention group had five individual psychoeducation sessions: “Recognizing Uncertainty,” “Cognitively Reframing Uncertainty,” “Solving Uncertainty-Related Issues,” “Dealing with Uncertainty Using Communication Skills,” and the “Closing Session.” Participants in the control group received the usual care. Uncertainty, intolerance to uncertainty, psychological well-being, and stress coping strategies were measured at two points: at baseline and immediately following the intervention. Hypotheses were tested using the Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: A total of 54 participants were recruited. The intervention group’s ratings for “seeking social support” and “optimistic approach” were higher than the control group’s ratings. Significant within-group changes in terms of “uncertainty” and “optimistic approach” were reported for the intervention group in the post-intervention. In the control group, significant changes were seen in terms of “uncertainty” and “psychological well-being” over time. Conclusion: The Uncertainty Management Psychoeducation Program was found to be effective in reducing the level of uncertainty, increasing their optimistic approach, and seeking social support of caregivers of schizophrenic patients.