Effectiveness of 650 nm red laser photobiomodulation therapy to accelerate wound healing post tooth extraction

Abstract

After tooth extraction, there can be consequences involving injury to the tissue surrounding the extracted tooth, which may lead to severe problems such as inflammation and infection. The wound healing process comprises inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases. Photobiomodulation is a therapy form that utilizes the interaction of a light source with tissue. This interaction can activate an increase in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which subsequently triggers a chain reaction leading to the creation of new blood vessels and an increase in the number of fibroblasts. This study used a red laser light source with a power of 3.32 ± 0.01 mW, delivering a dose of 3.5 J to patients for extraction indications. The parameters observed included Interleukin 1_ (IL-1_), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Human Beta defensin 2 (HBD2), and Gingival Index (GI). The results of testing saliva samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) for the parameters IL-1_, PGE2, and HBD2 show a significant influence between the control and therapy groups. Meanwhile, GI revealed a significant influence of therapy on the wound-healing process. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, on day 1, the p-value was found to be 0.32, indicating no significant deference between the control and therapy groups. However, on the third day after the therapy was administered, the p-value was obtained as 0.01, signifying a significant deference between the control and therapy groups. On day 5, a p-value of 0.034 was obtained, signifying a significant deference between the control and therapy groups. Based on the research results, it can be observed that there is a decrease in the values of IL-1_, PGE2, HBD2, and GI. This indicates that local immune cells, including resident macrophages, are activated by pro-inflammatory mediators released in response to injury, and they play an essential role in accelerating wound healing.