Effectiveness and Users’ Experience of Face Blurring as a Privacy Protection for Sharing Photos via Online Social Networks

Li, Yifang; Vishwamitra, Nishant; Hu, Hongxin; Knijnenburg, Bart P.; Caine, Kelly

doi:10.1177/1541931213601694

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It also performed reasonably well in our more extensive testing in Chapters 5 and 6. Other research suggests that representations such as pixelation or blurring are actually ineffective at preserving privacy of social media photos [78]. In Chapter 4, we found that the pixelation representations were interpreted as "concealing"; they invoked negative connotations and aroused suspicion.…”

Section: R1: Have Digital Decay Features Enabled By Default As a Failmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…One approach is to fully or partially obfuscate sensitive imagery (photo/video) elements [55,61,78,105] or user attributes [25,115,117]. Obfuscating attributes, however, may not be effective against inference 4 attacks [25].…”

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Padilla et al [105] provided a comprehensive summary of available imagery obfuscation techniques. Li et al [78] evaluated the effectiveness of eight obfuscation techniques against human recognition and user experience. Table 2.1 shows the eight tested techniques.…”

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2.1 shows the eight tested techniques. Li et al [78] further showed that some techniques that are commonly used (e.g., pixelation) are neither effective for privacy nor preferred by users. On the other hand, Damanet et al [35] had previously shown that pixelation could be effective as an obfuscation technique against human recognition.…”

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pro- -Have not been sufficiently evaluated. [98] contextual cues that might be revealing, such as date of the post [78] were not manipulated. It was also suggested [98] that shrunk posts should still be clickable to ensure readability but it was not clear whether his prototype implemented this feature.…”

Section: Novotny's Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Decay Representations for Privacy and Online Reputation Management

Mohamed¹

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The main goal of this thesis is to explore how Online Social Networks (OSNs) can support users in managing their online reputation during important selection processes. More specifically, we look at mechanisms that help social media users automatically dissociate from their past online activities, primarily in a hiring context. I would like to begin by thanking my thesis supervisor, Sonia Chiasson, for her continuous support. She has been a great example and a role model to me, on both a personal and a professional level. She always made herself available and provided unlimited advice. As someone with a high level of knowledge and a broad spectrum of expertise, Prof. Chiasson has given me invaluable guidance throughout the duration of my degree and I am deeply indebted to her. I would also like to thank my defence committee, Pamela Briggs, Daniel Amyot, Audrey Girouard, and Andrew Patrick. They have provided me with useful guidance and valuable feedback that helped inform various parts of the thesis. I am also grateful to my parents and my brothers. I would like to thank them for believing in me and for always encouraging me to achieve my goals. Although they are so far away, they never ceased to give me the emotional support and encouragement I needed. I would not have been able to complete this work without their support. I thank Thaís Bardini Idalino for being dedicated in our collaborative study. I am happy to have worked with such a smart woman. I also thank Khadija Baig for being such a dedicated researcher. I am grateful for her effort and time spent on transcribing interviews in one of the Chapters, and for her emotional support. Similarly, I am grateful to Paulina Chametka for her help in various tasks, including running interviews, audio transcription, and data analysis. I appreciate her time and effort.

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Section: R1: Have Digital Decay Features Enabled By Default As a Failmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Obfuscationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Novotny's Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Decay Representations for Privacy and Online Reputation Management

Mohamed¹

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Presentation in self-posted facial images can expose sexual orientation: Implications for research and privacy.

Wang¹

2022

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Recent research has found that facial recognition algorithms can accurately classify people’s sexual orientations using naturalistic facial images, highlighting a severe risk to privacy. This article tests whether people of different sexual orientations presented themselves distinctively in photographs, and whether these distinctions revealed their sexual orientation. I found significant differences in self-presentation. For example, gay individuals were on average more likely to wear glasses compared to heterosexual individuals in images uploaded to the dating website. Gay men also uploaded brighter images compared to heterosexual men. To further test how some of these differences drove the classification of sexual orientation, I employed image augmentation or modification techniques. To evaluate whether the image background contributed to classifications, I progressively masked images until only a thin border of image background remained in each facial image. I found that even these pixels classified sexual orientations at rates significantly higher than random chance. I also blurred images, and found that merely three numbers representing the brightness of each color channel classified sexual orientations. These findings contribute to psychological research on sexual orientation by highlighting how people chose to present themselves differently on the dating website according to their sexual orientations, and how these distinctions were used by the algorithm to classify sexual orientations. The findings also expose a privacy risk as they suggest that do-it-yourself data-protection strategies, such as masking and blurring, cannot effectively prevent leakage of sexual orientation information. As consumers are not equipped to protect themselves, the burden of privacy protection should be shifted to companies and governments.

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The impact of external facial features on the construction of facial composites

et al. 2019

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Effectiveness and Users’ Experience of Face Blurring as a Privacy Protection for Sharing Photos via Online Social Networks

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Investigating Decay Representations for Privacy and Online Reputation Management

Investigating Decay Representations for Privacy and Online Reputation Management

Presentation in self-posted facial images can expose sexual orientation: Implications for research and privacy.

The impact of external facial features on the construction of facial composites

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