Effectiveness and characteristics of a new technology to reduce ammonia, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter pollution in poultry production with artificial turf floor

Electrostatic particle ionization for suppressing air pollutants in cage-free layer facilities

“…The airflow speed (W) in m/s was recorded, along with the opening area (A; m 2 ) of the small (0.0723 m 2 ) and large exhaust fan (0.292 m 2 ). These measurements were later analyzed based on the airflow rate (Q; m 3 /min) using Equations 1 and 2 as described in the study by ( Ni et al, 2023 ). Where, Q small is the airflow rate of small ventilation, and Q large is the airflow rate of large ventilation.…”

“…Livestock and poultry production generated air pollutants of ammonia (NH 3 ), greenhouse gases, and particulate matter (PM) are risks to the environment and ecosystem ( Fabbri et al, 2007 ; Cambra-López et al, 2010 ; Dai et al, 2019 ; Ni, 2021 ; Xie et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Ni et al, 2023 ). Cage-free (CF) housing systems in the USA have gained popularity as an ethical and humane poultry farming method ( Mintus, 2021 ; UEP, 2022 ; Bist et al, 2023d ).…”

“…Cage-free (CF) housing systems in the USA have gained popularity as an ethical and humane poultry farming method ( Mintus, 2021 ; UEP, 2022 ; Bist et al, 2023d ). However, the concentration of air pollutants inside CF housing poses a major concern, particularly regarding PM and NH 3 ( Chai et al, 2018 ; Bist and Chai, 2022 ; Bist et al, 2023b ; Ni et al, 2023 ). These air pollutants can threaten bird health and worker safety ( Senthilselvan et al, 2011 ; Ni, 2015 ).…”

“…Moreover, farm workers exposed to these air pollutants are at higher risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases like bronchitis, asthma, and airway obstruction ( Donham et al, 2002 ; Viegas et al, 2013 ; EPA, 2022 ). The presence of air pollutants in the air not only endangers the safety, health, productivity, and behavior of the animals ( Ni et al, 2023 ) but also causes significant damage to the surrounding ecosystem and contributes to the formation of regional haze ( EPA, 2022 , 2023 ). Therefore, implementing an effective mitigation strategy can help reduce air pollutants and the adverse effects caused by their emissions.…”

“…Various mitigation technologies have been developed based on their working principles, including managerial, microbiological, biochemical, chemical, physical, and physiological principles, to enhance the air quality in poultry housing ( Ni, 2015 ; Bist et al, 2023b ). However, the effectiveness of these technologies has shown variation ( Zhao et al, 2011 ), and there remains a pressing need for technically efficient, economically feasible, and user-friendly solutions to mitigate air pollutants in poultry housing ( Bist et al, 2023b ; Ni et al, 2023 ). One such technology involves spraying an oil/water mixture ( Kocaman et al, 2005 ; Aarnink et al, 2011 ; Ogink et al, 2012 ; Zheng et al, 2012 ; Winkel et al, 2016 ; Bist and Chai, 2022 ; Bist et al, 2023b ).…”