“…(Value-weight Ratio) The value-weight ratio of an item to a solution is defined as ( , ) = ∕ ( , ), which is the ratio of the value of to the addition weight of to . Obviously, an item with a larger value-weight ratio to a solution is a better candidate item of (Khuller et al, 1999;Zhou et al, 2021Zhou et al, , 2022.…”