Effective use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for the treatment of selected tumors

Din, Fakhar ud; Aman, Waqar; Ullah, Izhar; Qureshi, Omer Salman; Mustapha, Omer; Shafique, Shumaila; Zeb, Alam

doi:10.2147/ijn.s146315

Cited by 1,037 publications

(441 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…Nanocarriers improve the therapeutic efficiency of antitumor drugs and are able to provide preferential accumulation at the targeted site. Only a limited number of nanocarriers are clinically approved for their intended actions at targeted sites [15]. Appl.…”

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confidence: 99%

Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy

Feldman

2019

Applied Sciences

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Synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and their nanocomposites are being studied, and some of them are already used in different medical areas. Among the synthetic ones that can be mentioned are polyolefins, fluorinated polymers, polyesters, silicones, and others. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, alginates) and proteins (silk, fibroin) have also become widely used and investigated for applications in medicine. Besides synthetic polymers and biopolymers, their nanocomposites, which are hybrids formed by a macromolecular matrix and a nanofiller (mineral or organic), have attracted great attention in the last decades in medicine and in other fields due to their outstanding properties. This review covers studies done recently using the polymers, biopolymers, nanocomposites, polymer micelles, nanomicelles, polymer hydrogels, nanogels, polymersomes, and liposomes used in medicine as drugs or drug carriers for cancer therapy and underlines their responses to internal and external stimuli able to make them more active and efficient. They are able to replace conventional cancer drug carriers, with better results. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3899 2 of 24 nanocomposites offer numerous opportunities in diverse applications, including nanocarriers, tissue engineering, antimicrobials, sensors, etc. These new groups of materials have gained significant research interest due to their novel properties, which are gained through the addition of nanofillers. Polymer nanocomposites have significant potential in disease theranostics, and nanotechnology brings great promise in cancer drug carriers [4].Chemotherapy implies the use of drugs and, besides the drugs, carriers. Common products used as carriers include synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and polymer nanocomposites.Some of the most useful drugs for chemotherapy are toxic chemicals able to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. The use of chemotherapeutic drugs has been in part hindered by their poor solubility in water, their short biological half-life, their lack of targeting ability, and the development of multidrug resistance [5]. In the last decades, nanoparticles have shown significant promise as an oncology treatment modality. Responsive polymers represent a promising class of nanoparticles that can trigger delivery through the exploitation of a specific stimuli. Response to a stimulus is one of the most basic processes found in living systems. A tutorial review highlighted the recent developments in polymer-based approaches to internally responsive nanoparticles for oncology [6].One important goal of medicine is to develop carriers that can selectively deliver anticancer drugs to tumor cells with no or minimal side effects in healthy cells [7,8].Polymers and their nanocomposites in different forms, such as micelles, hydrogels, polymersomes, and liposomes, have important potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Nanocomposites are popular in many areas due to properties such as their unique design capacity, eco-friendly nature, ...

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confidence: 99%

Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy

Feldman

2019

Applied Sciences

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“…The NOs currently used in the biomedical field are complex systems that can be made of various components according to the desired application. Researchers utilized several types of drug-loaded NOs (nanocarriers) to enhance cancer therapy, including organic, inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) ( Table 2) [45]. Nanomedicine provided many effective approaches in cancer immunotherapy, while nano-based drug delivery has received considerable interest as well ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Nanomedicine Applications For Cancer Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effects of Nanomedicine Targeting TNFR2 and DNA Demethylation Inhibitor—An Opportunity for Cancer Treatment

Al-Hatamleh

Boer

et al. 2019

Cells

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is expressed on some tumor cells, such as myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma, colon cancer and ovarian cancer, as well as immunosuppressive cells. There is increasingly evidence that TNFR2 expression in cancer microenvironment has significant implications in cancer progression, metastasis and immune evasion. Although nanomedicine has been extensively studied as a carrier of cancer immunotherapeutic agents, no study to date has investigated TNFR2-targeting nanomedicine in cancer treatment. From an epigenetic perspective, previous studies indicate that DNA demethylation might be responsible for high expressions of TNFR2 in cancer models. This perspective review discusses a novel therapeutic strategy based on nanomedicine that has the capacity to target TNFR2 along with inhibition of DNA demethylation. This approach may maximize the anti-cancer potential of nanomedicine-based immunotherapy and, consequently, markedly improve the outcomes of the management of patients with malignancy.Cells 2020, 9, 33 2 of 16 and tumor cells [6][7][8]. In contrast, TNFR2 expression was only reported on tumor cells and suppressive immune cells, suggesting that TNFR2 directly promotes cancer development [9]. Furthermore, the latest preclinical and clinical studies confirmed the implication of TNF-TNFR2 signaling in cancer proliferation and the suppression of immune response [10,11]. Consequently, blockade of TNF-TNFR2 axis could be a promising option for cancer treatment (Figure 1).On the other hand, nanotechnology provided several platforms in the field of immunotherapy and made significant advances towards safe and efficient targeting systems with positive clinical outcomes and minimal side effects; this is the so-called field of nanomedicine [12]. Despite the emerging trends of using nanoparticles in immunotherapy, no studies have investigated any type of nanocarriers to target TNFR2 on cancer cells. However, based on some previous novel reports about the effects of nanoparticles on immune homeostasis [13], especially using nanoparticles to promote TNFR2 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) in inflammatory models [14,15], we have suggested in our recent perspective review the possibility of blocking TNF-TNFR2 axis via nanoparticles [16].

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“…The study used nanoshell coatings made of polyethylene glycol and phosphatidylcholine to conceal silica and citrate linked gold nanoparticles from immune detection, thereby reducing immune triggered reactions and system-wide toxicity. Although 3D culture model does not possess all the features of the tumor microenvironment, the result revealed the valuable basis for understanding the behavior of nanoparticles and possible utilization for cancer therapy, such as targeted drug delivery or thermal 39 F I G U R E 3 Nanofiber-assembly scaffolds for tissue engineering. This image adapted from 1 with copyright permission GHOLIZADEH-GHALEH AZIZ ET AL.…”

Section: Nanoparticle Drug and Gene Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of nanomaterials in three‐dimensional stem cell culture

Aziz

Pashaiasl

Khodadadi

et al. 2019

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Petri dish cultured cells have for long provided scientists an aperture to understanding cell's behavior both in normal and disease states as well as in vitro and in vivo. But recent advances have brought to light how the architecture and composite nature of the immediate environment within which the cell is proliferated can profoundly influence its phenotypic features and functions, thus making obvious, limitations of the conventional two‐dimensional cell culture despite it cost effectiveness. Fortunately, the transition to three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture has occurred concurrently with expanded knowledge of nanoscience and materials, thereby lending significant impetus for innovative research. This review is focused on the application of nanoparticles in 3D stem cell breeding, recent trends and developments in medical sciences for improved drug delivery, and treatment approaches to some human diseases. We also reviewed prevailing challenges and concerns of nanotoxicity as it continues to impede and delay clinical applications as well the ongoing concerted and multidisciplinary efforts to overcome them.

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Effective use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for the treatment of selected tumors

Cited by 1,037 publications

References 167 publications

Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy

Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy

Synergistic Effects of Nanomedicine Targeting TNFR2 and DNA Demethylation Inhibitor—An Opportunity for Cancer Treatment

Application of nanomaterials in three‐dimensional stem cell culture

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