Effective Use of Analytical Laboratories for the Diagnosis of Toxicologie Problems in Small Animal Practice

Poppenga, Robert H.; Braselton, W. Emmett

doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50026-1

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…General sample collection protocols for investigation of possible toxicoses when live and/or dead animals are involved have been published [2][3][4]. Additional comments on selected samples can be found in Table 1.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Submissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…information includes the following: breed; sex; age; weight; current medical treatments, including any dietary supplements or herbs; number of animals in the group; number of animals affected; number potentially exposed; number exhibiting clinical signs; type, duration, and severity of signs; possible time of exposure to identified chemicals; degree of exposure (dose) if known or if worst case estimates can be made; and chemical formulations if possible [1][2][3][4]. If an animal has been exposed or potentially exposed to an identified product, and a decision is made that the exposure is clinically significant, it is always recommended that the product be brought to the clinic for inspection if it can be handled in a safe manner.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Sampling and Establishing a Minimum Database in Exotic Animal Toxicology

Poppenga

2008

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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Section: Sample Collection and Submissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Sampling and Establishing a Minimum Database in Exotic Animal Toxicology

Poppenga

2008

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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“…Therapy usually consists of de‐contamination, through induction of emesis or binding of the toxicant to activated charcoal, and supportive care (Hall 2008). Because a sample of the toxic material is often unavailable, a definitive diagnosis potentially can be determined through toxicological analysis of the urine (Poppenga and Braselton 1990). Detecting and eliminating the source of intoxication prevents other animals and human beings, especially children, from being exposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intoxication is often a suspicion rather than a direct observation, therefore making toxicological analysis useful for confirmation. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) is a particularly useful analytical technique as it is available through veterinary toxicological laboratories and has the ability to detect many different substances (Poppenga and Braselton 1990). Urine is considered the diagnostic sample of choice for screening and identification of unknown drugs or toxicants (Maurer 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barbiturate intoxication in two dogs confirmed by toxicological urinalysis

Brauer

Tipold

Desel

et al. 2009

J of Small Animal Practice

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Two dogs were presented within 24 hours to the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover for investigation of the sudden onset of neurological abnormalities following a walk in the same park. One dog was observed ingesting a piece of meat. Analysis of urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from each of the dogs identified the presence of barbiturates. Both dogs recovered with supportive treatment. This is the first report to describe the use of toxicological urinalysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of barbiturate intoxication in dogs.

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“…1,4,7,10,21 Several of the above (insecticides, metaldehyde, drugs) can be identified in a single gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) screen, [15][16][17][18][19] but others require a specific assay for the substance in question. The tremorgens have most commonly been determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 8,14,16,17 or high-performance liquid chromatography.…”

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MS/MS Screen for the Tremorgenic Mycotoxins Roquefortine and Penitrem A

Braselton

Rumler

1996

J VET Diagn Invest

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Diagnosis of acute onset convulsive disorders in the dog requires consideration of exposure to a variety of toxicants, including strychnine, insecticides, metaldehyde, zinc phosphide, methylxanthines, drugs, bromethalin, and the tremorgenic mycotoxins roquefortine and penitrem A. 1,4,7,10,21 Several of the above (insecticides, metaldehyde, drugs) can be identified in a single gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) screen, [15][16][17][18][19] but others require a specific assay for the substance in question. The tremorgens have most commonly been determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 8,14,16,17 or high-performance liquid chromatography. 6,23Direct insertion probe electron-impact mass spectrometry (EIMS) was utilized to test negative strychnine samples for roquefortine, 10 and a significant number (23%) were positive for the tremorgenic mycotoxin. Evaporation from the probe affords limited ability to resolve coextracting substances, resulting in a high potential for interferences during direct insertion probe EIMS. Experiments were therefore conducted to develop a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) procedure to identify the tremorgens roquefortine and penitrem A in suspect poisonings when strychnine and GC/MS assays are negative. With MS/MS, the mass spectra of specific molecules in a mixture can be obtained without prior gas chromatographic separation through selection of parent ions with the first mass filter, generation of daughter ions by collision of the selected parent ions with argon atoms, and separation of the daughter ions with a second mass filter. The first mass filter in effect is capable of replacing the gas chromatographic step by admitting a very select group of ions, those with the mass of the parent ion only, into the collision chamber to be fragmented for further analysis of the daughter ions. In the past 13 months, 7 cases negative for strychnine were found positive for roquefortine (with 6 also positive for penitrem A) by this procedure. In all 7 cases, viridicatin, a nontoxic metabolite produced by several Penicillium spp. , 2,3,11 was also identified by the GC/MS screen. Furthermore, no samples positive for viridicatin in the GC/MS screen have been negative for roquefortine at this point.From the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.Received for publication December 1, 1995.Twenty grams of stomach contents or vomitus from dogs exhibiting neurologic signs were extracted and purified by a modification of a GC/MS extraction procedure previously described.19 Samples were homogenized with 1 ml diphenylamine a (20 µg/ml in CH 2 Cl 2 ) and 300 ml acetonitrile in a Waring blender. The mixture was suction filtered using Whatman no. 4 paper and transferred to a 1-liter separatory funnel with 10 ml of saturated NaCl solution and 600 ml deionized water. The solution was extracted twice with 100 ml each CH 2 C1 2 , adjusted to pH > 9 with boric acid buffer (25 g boric acid/liter adjusted to pH 11 with approxima...

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Effective Use of Analytical Laboratories for the Diagnosis of Toxicologie Problems in Small Animal Practice

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Diagnostic Sampling and Establishing a Minimum Database in Exotic Animal Toxicology

Diagnostic Sampling and Establishing a Minimum Database in Exotic Animal Toxicology

Barbiturate intoxication in two dogs confirmed by toxicological urinalysis

MS/MS Screen for the Tremorgenic Mycotoxins Roquefortine and Penitrem A

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