“…Currently, the primary treatment methods include physical, chemical, biological, and combined approaches [24][25][26][27]. Physical methods, such as adsorption [28], ion exchange, precipitation, and filtration, have good removal efficiency for heavy metals [29] but are less effective for antibiotic contaminants. Chemical methods, such as oxidation, reduction, precipitation, and complexation, have good removal efficiency for heavy metals and certain antibiotics [30,31] but may produce by-products and secondary pollution risks.…”