Effective properties and nonlinearities in 1-3 piezocomposites: a comprehensive review

Abstract

1-3 piezocomposites are excellent candidate materials for sensor, actuator and transducer applications owing to their remarkable dielectric properties, enhanced piezoelectric coupling constants and improved hydrostatic performance along with tunable acoustic impedance, high bandwidth and reliability. These materials find extensive use in aerospace, naval and biomedical sectors. 1-3 piezocomposites show a linear response when subjected to low electric fields and/or mechanical stresses. In such cases, linear models are sufficient for predicting their linear response. But, when high electro-mechanical loads are applied to these materials, they show nonlinearity owing to the presence of a passive and viscoelastic polymer matrix phase and inherent hysteretic damping in the piezoceramic fibers. This is when it becomes mandatory to understand both their linear and nonlinear behavior under different magnitudes of thermo-electro-mechanical static and dynamic loads. Linear response is modeled using linear piezoelectric constitutive equations. Nonlinearities in the form of hysteresis, depolarization, fatigue and creep occurs in 1-3 piezocomposites, which drastically affects their accuracy, precision and efficiency. In order to understand these nonlinearities, analytical and numerical methods have been proposed by several researchers in the past. An endeavor has been undertaken to review some of the attempts made earlier in these directions. Effective properties of these inhomogeneous media are evaluated through different hypotheses and assumptions. Most often, experimental routes are undertaken to predict material properties of 1-3 piezocomposites; nevertheless, the experimental evaluation of a few material properties is quite difficult and sometimes impossible, even with the best state-of-the-art experimental facilities. This motivates researchers to develop theoretical models to predict these material properties. Nonlinearities in 1-3 piezocomposites have been studied by researchers earlier with different theoretical modeling approaches and experimental techniques. This review paper is an endeavor to discuss the progress regarding the study of effective properties and nonlinearities in 1-3 piezocomposites in a coherent and holistic manner.

Factors affecting the piezoelectric performance of ceramic-polymer composites: A comprehensive review

“…There are at least four variant methods involved in the preparation of the 1-3 piezo composites including dice-and-fill [17], arrange-and-fill [17], injection moulding [19],…”

“…As opposed to the dice-and-fill method, the arrange-and-fill method involves filling sintered ceramics within the polymer matrix before the cutting process. However, undesirable electromechanical responses could be triggered as a result of improper alignment of piezoceramic fillers, during fabrication processes like the arrange-and-fill [17]. Injection moulding is amongst the conventional methods available for the easy fabrication of composites.…”

“…Materials exhibiting piezoelectric properties are classified into three main categories, ceramics, polymers, and composites [9]. These materials can either exist naturally (such as quartz, cane sugar, collagen, topaz, and Rochelle salt) [6,10,11] or can be synthesised chemically such as perovskites [10,12], synthetic polymers [13][14][15] or piezoelectric composites [16,17]. These materials have characteristic individual advantages that can be beneficial towards specific applications.…”

Properties of novel 0–3 PZT/silicone resin flexible piezoelectric composites for ultrasonic guided wave sensor applications

“…In recent years, researchers have developed many new types of flexible piezoelectric materials, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (Kang and Cao, 2014;Jin et al, 2018), 1-3 or 2-2 piezoelectric fiber composites, and 0-3 piezoelectric composites (Pramanik and Arockiarajan, 2019;Jia et al, 2021). PVDF piezoelectric film has advantages of small thickness and high flexibility, but its piezoelectric performance fluctuates greatly at ambient temperatures.…”

Fiber Bragg grating based acceleration sensors: a review

“…Piezoelectric, piezoresistive and capacitive accelerometers have resonant frequencies of tens of thousands of hertz due to their material and structure characteristics. Piezoelectric acceleration sensor has many advantages, such as low cost, availability in many forms and simplicity in handling and implementation but it also has the problems of low linearity and measurement accuracy caused by external excitation and piezoelectric material (Shivashankar and Gopalakrishnan, 2020; Pramanik and Arockiarajan, 2019). Capacitive acceleration sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, zero frequency response and wide dynamic range, but it is easy to be interfered by the outside world and only suitable for low-frequency fields, such as seismic detection and geological exploration (Alessandro et al , 2019; Giacci et al , 2017).…”