Effective physical refining for the mitigation of processing contaminants in palm oil at pilot scale

Urinary Excretion of 2/3‐Monochloropropanediol (2/3‐MCPD) and 2,3‐Dihydroxypropylmercapturic Acid (DHPMA) after a Single High dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2/3‐MCPD and Glycidol: A Controlled Exposure Study in Humans

“…Therefore, 2‐MCPD and 3‐MCPD determined in 24‐h urine apparently are reliable biomarkers for the assessment of the external exposure in populations and can, for example, be used to monitor the ongoing decrease of external exposure over time following industrial mitigation strategies for the reduction of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD fatty acid esters. [ 31 ] For quantification of low “background” exposures to 2‐MCPD and 3‐MCPD, an improvement of the sensitivity of the analytical method applied would be important. In view of the inter‐ and intra‐individual variability observed in our study, assessments of individual 2/3‐MCPD exposures appear to be less reliable and represent single day exposure only.…”

Palm Oil Processing and Controversies over Its Health Effect: Overview of Positive and Negative Consequences

“…One of the major constraints of vegetable oil refining process is the formation of process induced contaminants. Namely, 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol fatty acid esters (2-MCPDE) , 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDE) , and glycidol fatty acid esters (GE) 24) . They commonly occur in higher concentration in palm oil than other vegetable oils 25,26) .…”

“…These toxicants formed in the oil during refining process and various factors attributed for their formation in the oil. Mainly treating the oil at high temperature during bleaching, degumming and deodorization steps identified as the main reason behind their development 24,30) . Furthermore, quality of the crude oil, enzymatic hydrolysis of acylglycerols during harvesting and processing are also indicated as causative agent for the formation in of 2-, 3-MCPDE and GE 31) .…”

“…Strong centrifugation and clay washing are also suggested as an effective means of lowering level of MCPDE content of refine oil 35) . More recently, Oey et al 24) achieved 87％ reduction in GE by using double refining with highlow deodorization temperature. So far no effective mitigation strategy reported for 2-MCPDE 24) .…”

Occurrence of MCPD and glycidyl fatty acid esters in standard and specialised infant formula in Denmark

“…Since items number 13, 14, and 23 were all marketed as organic products with relatively similar fat contents, such a big discrepancy in MCPDEs concentrations might be accounted for by the fact that no palm oil was used in items 13 and 14. It is well-known that palm oil is among the plant oils most affected by MCPDEs contamination due to its high contents of total chlorine and diacylglycerides (Franke, Strijowski, Fleck, & Pudel, 2009;Oey, van der Fels-Klerx, Fogliano, & van Leeuwen, 2019). In terms of GEs contamination, normal powder products from manufacturer A generally contained slightly less amount of GEs with the lowest level found in item 13 at 3.0 µg/kg.…”