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About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. Robinson et al., 2009) have agreed that the influence of school leadership on student learning is mostly indirect through key school conditions and the practices of teachers. These key conditions and teacher inner states and practices make important and relatively direct contributions to student learning (e.g., Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005). The central issue here is to identify the critical paths through which school leaders improve student learning. To conceptualize such paths, we need to identify the linking variables that contribute to student learning significantly and that are malleable to school leadership, or the variables that mediate school leadership influence on student learning. Previous studies have identified the following seven variables at the school level that significantly contribute to student learning:• • academic optimism (the combination of the above three variables) (Hoy and Miskel, 2013; McGuigan, 2005) • teacher organizational citizenship behavior (e.g., DiPaola and Hoy, 2005; Podsakoff et al., 2000;Tschannen-Moran, 2001), and• school disciplinary climate (e.