“…Pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling of preprocessed and mechanically treated spent LIBs have proven highly beneficial in recovering major essential elements. , Hydrometallurgical processes offer distinct advantages, including the requirement for lower temperatures, reduced energy consumption, higher recovery rates, production of pure end-products, and utilization of straightforward techniques. These inherent benefits make hydrometallurgy a preferred and advantageous choice compared to pyrometallurgical and other conventional methods. , The hydrometallurgical approach involves using different processes such as leaching, solvent extraction, precipitation, adsorption, and many more, owing to their differential solubility in different solvents to reinstate minerals in the desired form. , Leaching, a pivotal step in the hydrometallurgical process involves the dissolution of essential metal ions from waste LIBs into a solution, typically utilizing acidic lixiviants, either organic or inorganic . While both types of acids can yield similar leaching efficiencies, organic acids are favored for their eco-friendly attributes .…”