Effective Force Testing: A Method of Seismic Simulation for Structural Testing

Dimig, J; Shield, Carol K.; French, Catherine E; Bailey, F. N.; Clark, Allen J.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:9(1028)

Cited by 76 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Effective force testing (EFT) is a conceptually different method for undertaking dynamic tests ( [44], [45] & [46]). The EFT method was developed in order to circumvent some of the issues associated with PsD testing.…”

Section: Effective Force Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EFT method was developed in order to circumvent some of the issues associated with PsD testing. It had been previously noted by several authors ( [6], [7] & [47]) that a PsD test with explicit time-varying forces imposed at each lumped mass to conduct real-time tests could be implemented without the need for computing and imposing required displacements [44]. In the EFT method, the forces applied to the test structure are the products of the lumped masses and their accelerations, and are therefore independent of structural properties such as stiffness and damping.…”

Section: Effective Force Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As with RTHT, control in EFT requires high quality controllers and servo-valves [47] hence, it was not until technical developments improved that Dimig et al, [44] could conduct the first EFT. The force control algorithm developed by Dimig et al, [44] was tested on an SDOF spring-mass-damper system.…”

Section: Effective Force Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of seismic hybrid testing of engineering structures

McCrum¹,

Williams

2016

Engineering Structures

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An overview of research on the development of the hybrid test method is presented. The maturity of the hybrid test method is mapped in order to provide context to individual research in the overall development of the test method. In the pseudo dynamic (PsD) test method, the equations of motion are solved using a time stepping numerical integration technique with the inertia and damping being numerically modelled whilst restoring force is physically measured over an extended timescale. Developments in continuous PsD testing led to the real-time hybrid test method and geographically distributed hybrid tests. A key aspect to the efficiency of hybrid testing is the substructuring technique where the critical structural subassemblies that are fundamental to the overall response of the structure are physically tested whilst the remainder of the structure whose response can be more easily predicted is numerically modelled. Much of the early research focused on developing the accuracy and efficiency of the test method, whereas more recently the method has matured to a level where the test method is applied purely as a dynamic testing technique.Developments in numerical integration methods, substructuring, experimental error reduction, delay compensation and speed of testing have led to a test method now in use as full-scale real-time dynamic testing method that is reliable, accurate, efficient and cost effective.

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Section: Effective Force Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effective Force Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of seismic hybrid testing of engineering structures

McCrum¹,

Williams

2016

Engineering Structures

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“…The novel technique of the HS method, which mainly includes (1) the robust numerical integration techniques [2][3][4][5][6][7]; (2) the loading control method [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]; (3) the geographically distributed HS [15][16][17][18][19][20]; and (4) the parameter identification of HS [21][22][23][24][25][26] for the implement and improvement of HS method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Hybrid Simulation Method for the Full-Scale Precast Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structure

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The hybrid simulation (HS) testing method combines physical test and numerical simulation, and provides a viable alternative to evaluate the structural seismic performance. Most studies focused on the accuracy, stability and reliability of the HS method in the small-scale tests. It is a challenge to evaluate the seismic performance of a twelve-story pre-cast reinforced concrete shear-wall structure using this HS method which takes the full-scale bottom three-story structural model as the physical substructure and the elastic non-linear model as the numerical substructure. This paper employs an equivalent force control (EFC) method with implicit integration algorithm to deal with the numerical integration of the equation of motion (EOM) and the control of the loading device. Because of the arrangement of the test model, an elastic non-linear numerical model is used to simulate the numerical substructure. And non-subdivision strategy for the displacement inflection point of numerical substructure is used to easily realize the simulation of the numerical substructure and thus reduce the measured error. The parameters of the EFC method are calculated basing on analytical and numerical studies and used to the actual full-scale HS test. Finally, the accuracy and feasibility of the EFC-based HS method is verified experimentally through the substructure HS tests of the pre-cast reinforced concrete shear-wall structure model. And the testing results of the descending stage can be conveniently obtained from the EFC-based HS method.

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“…The test structure, however, often needs to be geometrically scaled down, which compromises the ability of the test to accurately represent non-linear structural behaviour and to capture the details of local structural behaviour, such as local buckling and bond failure. The effective force test is based on the observation that earthquake ground accelerations are predominantly horizontal and their effect is to cause a set of horizontal forces on the structure [9][10][11][12]. If the structural mass elements are concentrated at a few points, as in the slabs of a building frame, the equivalent inertial forces may be applied by using a few dynamic actuators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical aspects of a real‐time sub‐structuring technique in structural dynamics

Sajeeb¹,

Roy²,

Manohar³

2007

Numerical Meth Engineering

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SUMMARYA time domain coupling technique, involving combined computational and experimental modelling, for vibration analysis of structures built-up of linear/non-linear substructures is developed. The study permits, in principle, one or more of the substructures to be modelled experimentally with measurements being made only on the interfacial degrees of freedom. The numerical and experimental substructures are allowed to communicate in real time within the present framework. The proposed strategy involves a two-stage scheme: the first is iterative in nature and is implemented at the initial stages of the solution in a non-real-time format; the second is non-iterative, employs an extrapolation scheme and proceeds in real time. Issues on time delays during communications between different substructures are discussed. An explicit integration procedure is shown to lead to solutions with high accuracy while retaining path sensitivity to initial conditions. The stability of the integration scheme is also discussed and a method for numerically dissipating the temporal growth of high-frequency errors is presented. For systems with nonlinear substructures, the integration procedure is based on a multi-step transversal linearization method; and, to account for time delays, we employ a multi-step extrapolation scheme based on the reproducing kernel particle method. Numerical illustrations on a few low-dimensional vibrating structures are presented and these examples are fashioned after problems of seismic qualification testing of engineering structures using real-time substructure testing techniques.

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Effective Force Testing: A Method of Seismic Simulation for Structural Testing

Cited by 76 publications

References 4 publications

An overview of seismic hybrid testing of engineering structures

An overview of seismic hybrid testing of engineering structures

Application of the Hybrid Simulation Method for the Full-Scale Precast Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structure

Numerical aspects of a real‐time sub‐structuring technique in structural dynamics

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