Effective Factors for Reducing Land Surface Temperature in Each Local Climate Zone Built Type in Tokyo and Shanghai

Abstract

Identifying the main factors influencing the land surface temperature (LST) of each local climate zone (LCZ) built type is of great significance for controlling LST. This study investigated the main factors influencing the LST of each LCZ built type in two Asian megacities: Tokyo and Shanghai. Each area in both megacities was classified according to the LCZ scheme. The diurnal LST, pervious surface fraction (PSF), surface albedo (SA), average building height (⟨BH⟩), and gross building coverage ratio (λp) of each LCZ were also calculated. Finally, the influence of the properties of each LCZ built type on LST was investigated. The results demonstrated that the main factors influencing LST of different LCZ built types differed in Tokyo and Shanghai. ⟨BH⟩ was the main factor influencing LST for compact mid-rise and open high-rise types in Tokyo, and the compact mid-rise type in Shanghai; PSF was the main factor influencing LST for other LCZ built types. Moreover, both ⟨BH⟩ and PSF negatively correlated with LST. Based on the above results and characteristics of each LCZ built type, specific LST mitigation strategies for each LCZ built type were proposed for Tokyo and Shanghai. The approach in this study can contribute to perspectives for urban planners and policymakers to develop highly feasible and reasonable LST mitigation strategies.

Exploration of Influencing Factors of Land Surface Temperature in Cities Within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region Based on Local Climate Zone Scheme

“…The GISbased method generated LCZ maps based on calculated physical properties, including average building height, building coverage ratio, pervious surface fraction, and others [20], [62]. The satellite image-based method employs training samples of each LCZ type and supervised classification algorithms to generate LCZ maps for study areas [21], [29].…”

“…However, the effectiveness of GIS-based method relies on the availability of high-quality GIS data, which is often difficult to obtain [62], [66]. Moreover, some studies have pointed out that the LCZ factors ranges recommended by Stewart and Oke cannot match some LCZ types in Asian cities [20], [21], [29]. For the BTH Region in Asia, there are still challenges in determining the appropriate factors ranges for each LCZ type.…”

“…The relationships between LCZ and LST have been extensively investigated in multiple cities worldwide, and the results indicate that LCZ types are consistent with LST [33], [34]. Specifically, land cover types tend to have lower LST than built types [29], [35], [36]. The compact mid-rise, compact lowrise and heavy industry types typically have the highest LST [2], [37], [38], while sparsely built and open low-rise types usually have relatively low LST among built types [2], [15].…”

“…In complex urban environments, the characteristics of different urban areas vary greatly, leading to significant differences in the influence degree of urban morphology, land cover, and human activities on LST [27], [28]. Identifying the 2 > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR MANUSCRIPT ID NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < main LST influencing factors is crucial for formulating effective strategies to mitigate LST in different urban areas and can promote healthy and sustainable urban development [29]. To efficiently investigate the main influencing factors of LST in different urban areas, it is the prerequisite to extract the characteristics of different urban areas and classify areas with similar characteristics.…”

“…The compact mid-rise, compact lowrise and heavy industry types typically have the highest LST [2], [37], [38], while sparsely built and open low-rise types usually have relatively low LST among built types [2], [15]. Some studies further explored the influencing factors of LST for various LCZ types from perspective of urban morphology or land cover in multiple cities, including Tokyo in Japan [29], Shanghai [29], Xi'an [39], Shenyang [36] in China, Harare in Zimbabwe [40], etc. These results have proved that the main LST influencing factors vary across LCZ types.…”