“…In a disaster scenario, moving evacuees to the closest refuge shelter can quickly overwhelm shelter capacities. A number of researchers have proposed a DCOP model for disaster evacuation, in which several groups of evacuees have to be led to available shelters (Carpenter, Dugan, Kopena, Lass, Naik, Nguyen, Sultanik, Modi, & Regli, 2007;Kopena, Sultanik, Lass, Nguyen, Dugan, Modi, & Regli, 2008;Lass, Kopena, Sultanik, Nguyen, Dugan, Modi, & Regli, 2008a;Lass, Regli, Kaplan, Mitkus, & Sim, 2008b;Kinoshita, Iizuka, & Iizuka, 2013). Group leaders can communicate via mobile devices to monitor and coordinate actions.…”