Effective devulcanization of ground tire rubber using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Saputra, Ricky; Walvekar, Rashmi; Khalid, Mohammad; Shahbaz, Kaveh; Ramarad, Suganti

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103151

Cited by 30 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[ 29 ] The absorptions at 2925 and 1438 cm −1 were the stretching vibration of the CH bonds and the in‐plane bending vibration of the CH bonds of saturated alkanes, respectively. [ 30–32 ] The absorption band at 1630 cm −1 was attributed to the C═C vibration absorption peak in the devulcanized rubber powder. [ 33 ] The absorption peak at 876 cm −1 represented the bending vibration peak of the CH bond in C═CH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Kong

Chen

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The objective of the article was to enhance the recycling value of solid waste rubber by surface functionalization of desulfurized rubber powder using a one‐pot method based on free‐radical polymerization theory. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis were used to characterize the maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurized rubber powder, and the grafting mechanism was also investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that maleic anhydride was grafted onto the desulfurized rubber powder. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurized rubber powder and desulfurized rubber powder possessed different thermal properties and structure. The results of scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis illustrated that the surface of the desulfurized rubber powder was covered with a layer of fold‐like maleic anhydride polymer. The mechanism of grafting desulfurized rubber powder with maleic anhydride may be achieved by replacing the active α‐H on the methylene group of the desulfurized rubber macromolecule chain.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Kong

Chen

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…An alternative approach has been the use of ionic liquids as studied by Seghar et al [48]. To improve the devulcanization efficiency, Saputra et al [49] have tested deep eutectic solvents (DES) in thermochemical-ultrasonic devulcanization of GTR. As DES, ChCl:urea, ChCl:ZnCl 2 , and ZnCl 2 :urea were used, with ChCl being choline chloride.…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To analyze the quality of devulcanization, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used by Saputra et al [49].…”

Section: Rubber Devulcanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Markl

Lackner

2020

Materials

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In general, composite materials are difficult to recycle. Tires belong to this class of materials. On top, one of their main constitutents, vulcanized rubber, is as elastomer, which cannot be remolten and hence is particularly challenging to put to a new use. Today, the main end-of-life routes of tires and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g., cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, generating huge quantities and indicating a lack of sustainable recycling of this valuable material. True feedstock recycling is not feasible for complex mixtures such as tires, but devulcanization can be done to reactivate the cross-linked polymer for material recycling in novel rubber products. Devulcanization, i.e., the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermophysical, or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents an update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. The article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. On the one hand, tires have become high-tech products, where the simultaneous improvement of wet traction, rolling resistance, and abrasion resistance (the so-called “magic triangle”) is hard to achieve. On the other hand, recycling and sustainable end-of-life uses are becoming more and more important. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Every year, approximately 40 million tons of tires are discarded. Through the devulcanization of end-of-life tires (ELT), it is possible to produce new raw materials with good mechanical properties and a superior environmental footprint over virgin products. The devulcanization process has become an interesting technology that is able to support the circular economy concept.

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“…An alternative approach has been the use of ionic liquids [34]. To improve devulcanization efficiency, [35] has tested deep eutectic solvents (DES) in thermochemical-ultrasonic devulcanization of GTR. As DES, ChCl:urea, ChCl:ZnCl2 and ZnCl2:urea were used.…”

Section: Figure 5 Plausible Reaction Mechanism Of Devulcanization: [25]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To analyse the quality of devulcanization, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used [35].…”

Section: Figure 5 Plausible Reaction Mechanism Of Devulcanization: [25]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

Wintersteller¹,

Markl²,

Lackner³

2020

Preprint

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Vulcanized Rubber, as elastomer, is difficult to recycle. Today, the main end of life routes of tyres and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g. cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, with huge quantities lacking sustainable recycling of this valuable material. Devulcanization, i.e. the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermo-physical or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents and update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. This review article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Tyre recycling through devulcanization has a huge lever, since approx. 30 million tons of tyres are discarded annually.

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Effective devulcanization of ground tire rubber using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

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Effective devulcanization of ground tire rubber using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐grafted desulfurization rubber powder by free‐radical polymerization

Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber &ndash; A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

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Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies