Effective Crack Detection in Railway Axles Using Vibration Signals and WPT Energy

Gómez, María José; Corral, Eduardo; Castejón, Cristina; García-Prada, Juan Carlos

doi:10.3390/s18051603

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Hay et al [71] applied an acoustic emission technique to monitor the connection parts of a bridge. In recent years, there is an emphasis on the monitoring of various structures in real time, and many innovative algorithms [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], sensors [14,80,81], and systems [82][83][84][85][86] have been developed for such a purpose. An AE sensor is normally small, and it can be easily attached to the host structure for real-time monitoring in a nondestructive way [81,[87][88][89][90].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study of Real-Time Monitoring of Pin Connection Wear Using Acoustic Emission

et al. 2018

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Pin connections are one of the most important connecting forms and they have been widely used in engineering fields. In its service, pin connections are subject to wear, and it will be beneficial if the health condition of pin connections can be monitored in real time. In this paper, an acoustic emission (AE)-based method was developed to monitor wear degree of low rotational speed pin connections in real time in a nondestructive way. Most pin connections are operated at low rotational speed. To facilitate the research, an experimental apparatus to accelerate the wear test of low rotational speed pin connections was designed and fabricated. The piezoceramic AE sensor was mounted on the test apparatus in a nondestructive way, and it was capable of real-time monitoring. Accelerated wear tests of low rotational speed pin connections were conducted. To verify the results of the AE technique, a VHX-600E digital (from Keyence, Osaka, Japan) microscope was applied to observe the micrographs of the tested pins. The experimental results show that AE activity existed throughout the entire wear process, and it was the most prominent in the serious wear phase. The wear degree of the pin connections can be reflected qualitatively by the signal strength and the accumulative signal strength of the AE signals. In addition, two different wear forms can be distinguished by comparing the signal strength values of all specimens. Micrographs of all specimens confirm these results, and determine that the two wear forms include adhesive wear and abrasive wear. Furthermore, AE results demonstrated that adhesive wear is the main mode of wear for the low rotational speed pin connections, and the signal strength of the adhesive wear is around 190 times larger than that of abrasive wear. This feasibility study demonstrated that the developed acoustic emission technique can be utilized in the wear monitoring of pin connections in real time in a nondestructive way.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Study of Real-Time Monitoring of Pin Connection Wear Using Acoustic Emission

et al. 2018

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“…The piezoelectric effect is generated by continuously increasing and decreasing the pressure on the laminate, leading to a constant variation of the energy generated by the sensors. Furthermore, in the literature mostly large heavy objects [ 32 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 46 ] have been investigated, while this study uses small lightweight components. Consequently, the damage index has to be interpreted differently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most state-of-the-art methods use the wavelet packet-based energy index [ 33 , 34 , 35 ] for various applications like monitoring timber connection [ 36 ], railway axles [ 37 ] or wood utility poles [ 38 ] and for fibre-reinforced laminated composites [ 39 , 40 ]. In addition, Song et al describes a damage index representing the proportion of transmission energy losses caused by damages based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT), which has been successfully applied to bridge bent-caps as an indicator of the health state [ 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the Structural Health of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Laminates Using Novel Piezoceramic Film

Schmidt

Graf

Decker

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This work investigates a new generation structural health monitoring (SHM) system for fibre metal laminates (FML) based on an embedded thermoplastic film with compounded piezoceramics, termed piezo-active fibre metal laminate (PFML). The PFML is manufactured using near-series processes and its potential as a passive SHM system is being investigated. A commercial Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor film is used for comparative evaluation of the sensor signals. Furthermore, thermoset and thermoplastic-based FML are equipped with the sensor films and evaluated. For this purpose, static and dynamic three-point bending tests are carried out and the data are recorded. The data obtained from the sensors and the testing machine are compared with the type and time of damage by means of intelligent signal processing. By using a smart sensor system, further investigations are planned which the differentiation between various failure modes, e.g., delamination or fibre breakage.

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“…The WPEI defined by Equation (3) has been applied to evaluating the structural health condition in concrete structures [56] and other applications [57][58][59][60]. In this study, the total energy of received signal by S2 can be characterized through the WPEI.…”

Section: Wavelet-packet-based Energy Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Debonding between Steel Beam and Reinforcing CFRP Plate Using Active Sensing with Removable PZT-Based Transducers

Jiang

Deng

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates are widely used to retrofit or reinforce steel structures, and the debonding damage between the steel structure and the CFRP plate is a typical failure in strengthening steel structures. This paper proposes a new approach to detecting debonding between a steel beam and a reinforcing CFRP plate by using removable lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based transducers and active sensing. The removable PZT-based transducers are used to implement the active sensing approach, in which one transducer, as an actuator, is used to generate stress wave, and another transducer, as a sensor, is used to detect the stress wave that propagates across the bonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. The bonding condition significantly influences the received sensor signal, and a wavelet-packet-based energy index (WPEI) is used to quantify the energy of the received signal to evaluate the severity of debonding between the steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate. To validate the proposed approach, experimental studies were performed, and two removable PZT-based transducers were designed and fabricated to detect the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CRFP plate. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in detecting the debonding between a steel beam and the reinforcing CFRP plate using removable PZT-based transducers.

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Effective Crack Detection in Railway Axles Using Vibration Signals and WPT Energy

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Feasibility Study of Real-Time Monitoring of Pin Connection Wear Using Acoustic Emission

Feasibility Study of Real-Time Monitoring of Pin Connection Wear Using Acoustic Emission

Monitoring the Structural Health of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Laminates Using Novel Piezoceramic Film

Detecting Debonding between Steel Beam and Reinforcing CFRP Plate Using Active Sensing with Removable PZT-Based Transducers

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