Effective control of varroatosis using powdered thymol

Chiesa, F.; D'Agaro, M.

doi:10.1051/apido:19910206

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Fallen mites were counted weekly, starting one week 3 Short communication: Effectiveness of thymol and amitraz to control Varroa destructor with other published works where thymol showed efficacies varying from 40% to more than 90% (Marchetti & Barbattini, 1984;Chiesa, 1991;Imdorf et al, 1995;Gregorc & Planinc, 2005;Loucif-ayad et al, 2010). We detected a drop of efficacy of thymol in late autumn (November-December), probably due to the low external temperatures (13ºC of average daily external temperature) that hampered an optimal volatilization of the product.…”

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confidence: 54%

Short communication. Comparison of the efficacy of Apiguard (thymol) and Apivar (amitraz) in the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Leza

Llado

Miranda

2015

Span. j. agric. res.

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The present study compared the efficacy of Apivar (a.i. amitraz) and Apiguard (a.i. thymol) in controlling the mite Varroa destructor during spring 2010 and autumn 2011, in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Number of fallen mites (NFM) was counted weekly and the efficacy of treatments was evaluated by using the percentage of reduction of the average daily fallen mites (%R). During spring assay, the average NFM was highly reduced in Apiguard (89.8%) compared to Apivar (64.3%) group, with significant differences between Apiguard and control group (untreated group) in post-treatment week. In autumn assay, Apivar and Apiguard colonies had an average reduction of the NFM of 17.9% and 30.8% respectively, showing a tendency in reduction between control and Apiguard group in post-treatment week. In both assays, %R was higher in Apiguard than in Apivar, but no significant differences were found between treatments in any of the seasons. Apiguard was less efficacious during November-December, probably due to the low external temperatures that hampered an optimal volatilization of the product. The lower efficacy of Apivar is probably related to the resistance of V. destructor to this chemical miticide, which has been used during the last 30 years. Results of this study showed that in Mediterranean conditions, spring is an appropriate period for applying Apiguard to the colonies, whereas application in late autumn would decrease the efficacy of the product. Apiguard may represent an alternative product for integrated control due to the low risk of mite resistance and residues in bee products.Additional key words: honeybee; Apis mellifera; mite control; treatment effectiveness; essential oil; falling mites.

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confidence: 54%

Short communication. Comparison of the efficacy of Apiguard (thymol) and Apivar (amitraz) in the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Leza

Llado

Miranda

2015

Span. j. agric. res.

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“…It may be difficult to use thymol at brood nest temperatures without inducing unacceptable levels of bee mortality. Chiesa (1991) was able to control V. jacobsoni in honey bee colonies with thymol without noticeable damage to the colonies at temperatures ranging from 5 to 9°C. However, Gal et al (1992) found thymol applications deleterious to bees when temperatures reached 27-28°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Seven Monoterpenoids to Tracheal Mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and Their Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Hosts When Applied as Fumigants

Ellis

Baxendale

1997

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Laboratory bioassays were conducted to characterize the acute toxicity of 7 monoterpenoids to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), and their honey bee, Apis mellifera L., hosts. Citral, thymol, carvacrol, a-terpineol, pulegone, d-limonene, and menthol were applied as fumigants to mite-infested honey bees. Thymol and menthol were the most toxic compounds to honey bees, and a-terpineol was the least toxic. Menthol, citral, thymol, and carvacrol were more toxic to tracheal mites than to honey bees. Pulegone, d-limonene, and a-terpineol were more toxic to honey bees than to tracheal mites. Menthol was 18.9 times more toxic to tracheal mites than to honey bees at the LC so concentrations; however, as the concentration increased, bee mortality increased more rapidly than mite mortality, and menthol was only 5.7 times more toxic at the LCgo concentrations. Probit regressions for bee and mite mortality were parallel for citral and thymol. Citral and thymol were 2.9 (2.5-3.3) and 2.0 (1.0-3.6) times more toxic to tracheal mites, respectively, at all concentrations estimated.

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“…Thymol is known to be effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (Juven et al, 1994), Aspergillus flavus (Mahmoud, 1999) and Cryptococcus neoformans (Viollon and Chaumont, 1994). In apiculture thymol is well known due its suppressive effects against the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Chiesa, 1991) and honeybees are tolerant to its use through physical contact (Imdorf et al, 1995). Also, recent research has shown that thymol fed orally to adult bees is not toxic (Ebert et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of natural compounds for the control of nosema disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera)

et al. 2008

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-The potential of some natural compounds (thymol, vetiver essential oil, lysozyme, resveratrol) for the control of nosema infection in honeybees was evaluated. A first trial aimed at screening substances, in candy preparations, on the basis of their toxicity to honeybees and bees' dietary preferences. None of the tested substances showed an increased bee mortality or decreased bee preference, and were therefore considered suitable for further testing. In the second trial the effects of the natural compounds on nosema diseased honeybees were evaluated: bees were individually dosed with nosema spores and fed candies prepared with the screened substances. The results showed that bees fed with thymol and resveratrol candies had significantly lower infection rates, and bees supplied with resveratrol prepared candy also lived significantly longer. We suggest that thymol and resveratrol could be useful in alternative strategies for the control of nosema disease.Nosema / microsporidian / honeybee / thymol / resveratrol

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Effective control of varroatosis using powdered thymol

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Short communication. Comparison of the efficacy of Apiguard (thymol) and Apivar (amitraz) in the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Short communication. Comparison of the efficacy of Apiguard (thymol) and Apivar (amitraz) in the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Toxicity of Seven Monoterpenoids to Tracheal Mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and Their Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Hosts When Applied as Fumigants

Screening of natural compounds for the control of nosema disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera)

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