“…Harvard University, for example, is the biggest source of income from philanthropic activities (Harvard University, 2021; Ris, 2017). In the state of Michigan, the largest income comes from endowment fund management (Fitzgerald, 2020); this type of asset is a potential asset source of university income (Fitzgerald, 2020;Hamdan et al, 2019;Indrajit & Djokopranoto, 2011). Likewise, intangible assets are a potential source of university income (Chareonsuk & Chansa-ngavej, 2010;Lev, 2008;Revellino & Mouritsen, 2009).…”