Effective bending and shear stiffness of cross-laminated timber by modal testing: Method development and application

et al. 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) characteristics from mangium (Acacia mangium) and puspa (Schima wallichii) woods and their combination using polyurethane (PU 1.2) adhesives. The manufacture of CLT began with basic adhesive characterization and thermo-mechanical analysis. Wood material’s physical and chemical properties were also tested with its response to the PU 1.2 wettability. The CLT (100 ´ 30 ´ 3.60) cm3 was manufactured with 160 g/m2 glue spread at a pressure of 0.80 MPa for 200 minutes. The CLT panels were characterized refers to the JAS 3079 standard. The results show that PU 1.2 had a gelatination time of 182.1 minutes at 25°C, was able to form urethane groups, and experienced an increase in storage modulus at 35°C. Mangium and puspa woods have different physical and chemical properties, but they interact similarly with PU 1.2 wettability. Puspa CLT panel has a higher density than mangium but lower dimensional stability. The bending mechanical properties of hybrid puspa-mangium-puspa CLT were able to match puspa CLT and have one sample of shear strength that met the JAS 3079 standard in both grain directions. Therefore, hybrid puspa-mangium-puspa CLT has the potential to be developed to improve its dimensional stability and mechanical properties. Keywords: Acacia mangium, cross-laminated timber, layer combination, polyurethane adhesive, Schima wallichii

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber Made of a Combination of Mangium-Puspa Wood and Polyurethane Adhesive

Hariz

et al. 2023

“…According to ANSI (2018), several wood species are permitted to be used in one CLT panel if the wood has the same mechanical properties and has a specific gravity of more than 3.5, like softwood. Softwood has a homogeneous structure, so most CLTs are produced using softwood (Aicher et al 2016;Marko et al 2016;Wang et al 2017;Zhou et al 2020). The production of CLT from softwood has limited raw materials, thus large quantities of raw materials are needed (Mallo and Espinoza 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Puspa Wood and Coconut Trunk Combination on the Characteristics of Cross-Laminated Timber Bonded with Polyurethane Adhesive

Aisyah

et al. 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from puspa (Schima wallichii) wood, coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk, and their combination using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The manufacturing of CLT begins with the characterization of the adhesive and wood materials used in this study. The CLT panels are made with dimensions of 100 cm × 30 cm × 3.6 cm. The laminate was organized into three layers with the face/core/back, namely puspa wood (PPP), coconut trunk (CCC), and their combination (PCP and CPC), perpendicular to each other using polyurethane adhesive with a glue spread of 160 g.m-2. The physical and mechanical properties of the CLT were assessed according to the JAS 3079 (2019) standard. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive used in this study could cure optimally at a temperature of 30°C for 200 minutes. Puspa wood and coconut trunk had different physical and chemical properties but had similar wettability to polyurethane adhesives. The physical and mechanical characteristics of coconut CLT were better than puspa CLT. Based on the overall test results, the puspa hybrid CLT is better than the single wood species of the CLT. In contrast to coconut hybrid CLT, the single CLT of CCC was better than its hybrid CLT. Keywords: Coconut trunk, cross-laminated timber, layer combination, polyurethane adhesive, puspa wood

“…The CLT production increased by 2.8 million m 3 in 2019 (UNECE/FAO 2020). CLT panels are generally produced from softwood species (Aicher et al 2016;Brandner et al 2016;Marko et al 2016;Sanjaya and Tobing 2019;Wang et al 2017;Zhou et al 2020). Softwood CLT panels in Indonesia can utilize wood from industrial plantation forests so that raw materials are easily obtained (Lestari 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Polyurethane Cross-Laminated Timber Made from a Combination of Pine and Coconut

Baskara

et al. 2023

The objective of this study was to assess the properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) fabricated from the combination of Sumatran pine (P) and coconut trunk (C) bonded with polyurethane adhesive. The basic properties of raw materials and adhesives were characterized. The CLT panels’ length, width, and thickness are 100 cm by 30 cm by 3.6 cm, respectively. Three-layer CLT was made with 4 combinations of face/core/back lamina, i.e., PPP, CCC, PCP, and CPC, which are arranged perpendicular to each other. The laminae were bonded using PU adhesive on 160 g.m-2 glue spread. The CLT’s delamination and wood failure percentages (WFP) were assessed following the JAS 3079 (2019) standard. The study’s results demonstrated that the PU adhesive employed in this investigation could curl ideally at 30°C for 200 min. Solid pine and coconut’s physical and chemical characteristics differed, but their wettability to polyurethane adhesives was identical. Hybrid pine CLT has greater attributes compared to single pine CLT. Single coconut CLT, on the other hand, offers better features than hybrid coconut CLT. All CLT samples failed to fulfil the JAS 3079 (2019) requirement for delamination (=< 10%) and WFP (>= 90%). Keywords: Coconut trunk, cross-laminated timber, layer combination, pine wood, polyurethane adhesive