Effective atomic and electron numbers of some steels at different energies

Monte Carlo Calculations for Photon Attenuation Studies on Different Solid Phantom Materials

“…1a-d that the linear attenuation coefficient of each phantom material decreases sharply in the low energy range, and then becomes almost constant in the medium energy range. This would imply that if we increase the energy of the incident photons we would obtain smaller attenuation, and therefore more significant penetration of the rays in the media [21,22]. The half-value layers, tenth-value layers and mean free paths of water and four phantom materials for different radiation energies have been obtained and are presented in Table III.…”

Partial and total mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic number and effective electron number of different Maraging steel compositions

“…Using the total mass attenuation coefficients of a material, the total atomic cross-section, σa, can be evaluated by the following relation (Manohara et al, 2008a(Manohara et al, , 2008bAkkurt, 2009;Elmahroug et al, 2015;Akkurt and El-Khayatt, 2013b;Gowda et al, 2004Gowda et al, , 2005Içelli et. al., 2011;Prasad et al, 1998) …”

“…The effective atomic number Zeff can be obtained from the ratio between the total atomic effective cross-section and the total electronic effective cross-section as the following equation (Manohara et al, 2008a(Manohara et al, , 2008bAkkurt, 2009;Elmahroug et al, 2015;Akkurt and El-Khayatt, 2013b;Gowda et al, 2004Gowda et al, , 2005Içelli et al, 2011;Kaur et al, 2000) ( 5) The effective electron number (Neff) (the electrons number per unit mass, electron/g) can be calculated from the following equation (Manohara et al, 2008a(Manohara et al, , 2008bAkkurt, 2009;Elmahroug et al, 2015;Akkurt and El-Khayatt, 2013b;Gowda et al, 2004Gowda et al, , 2005Içelli et al, 2011) ( )…”

“…This can be represented by some physical parameters such as mass attenuation coefficients μ/ρ, effective atomic number Z eff and effective electron number N eff . Several investigators Demir, 2009a, 2009b;Baltas et al, 2007;Baltas and Cevik, 2008;Celik et al, 2008;Manjunathaguru and Umesh, 2007;Manohara et al, 2008aManohara et al, , 2008bManohara et al, , 2009aManohara et al, , 2009bManohara et al, , 2010Hanagodimath, 2007a, 2007b;Singh et al, 2008;Taylor et al, 2008;Gounhalli et al, 2012a;Sidhu et al, 2012;Gounhalli et al, 2012b;Kurudirek, 2014;Sahin, 2011, 2012;Akkurt, 2009;Limkitjaroenporn et al, 2013;Medhat and Wang, 2015;Elmahroug et al, 2015;Un and Caner, 2014) have made extensive studies for these shielding parameters in a variety of composite materials such as biologically important materials, semiconductor, alloys, dosimetric compounds, glasses, drugs, and explosives. The mass attenuation coefficient μ/ρ (cm 2 /g) is a measure of the probability of interactions of photon with matter (Hubbell, 1982(Hubbell, , 1999Hubbell and Seltzer, 1995).…”

Study of mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and electron densities of carbon steel and stainless steels

“…The mass attenuation coefficients, and effective atomic and electron numbers for some alloys such as Cr, Fe and Ni at different energies have been reported (Kaewkhao et al, 2008;Han et al, 2009). The effective atomic numbers of various alloys have been estimated (Prasad et al, 1998;El-Kateb et al, 2000;Murty et al, 2000;İçelli et al, 2005;Akkurt, 2007Akkurt, , 2009). …”