Gene therapy is expected to play a key role in next-generation cancer therapy together with the conventional modalities for the treatment of cancer, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. 1) Use of adenovirus vectors (Adv) in gene therapy has been developed in diverse animal models and clinical trials because Adv can be propagated to high yields and has the capacity to efficiently transduce a wide variety of cell types and tissues regardless of the mitotic status of the cell. 2,3) In several clinical trials, intratumoral injection of Adv has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against primary tumors. 4,5) However, successful cancer gene therapy also requires treatment of unresectable primary cancers and distant metastases, which are the major cause of cancer mortality. To treat unresectable primary and metastatic cancers, Adv must be administered systemically, but its effects must be restricted to tumor cells. The major disadvantage in treating cancer with systemically administered conventional Adv is related to its accumulation in the liver immediately after systemic injection, which can cause severe liver toxicity.
6)Therefore, to enable the application of Adv to the treatment of both primary and metastatic cancers, it is necessary to develop Adv with the capacity for tumor-selective distribution and gene expression after systemic administration.In a previous study, we generated a dual cancer-specific targeting vector system by using Adv covalently conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG), for transductional targeting, and a cancer-specific promoter, for transcriptional targeting.
7)Covalent conjugation to PEG (PEGylation) can prolong the plasma half-life of Adv, prevent hepatic uptake, and alter the tissue distribution of Adv because of the steric hindrance of the PEG. 3,7,8) We showed that systemic administration of PEGylated Adv (PEG-Ad) with 20-kDa PEG at a 45% modification ratio resulted in higher tumor-selective transgene expression than unmodified Adv.7) In addition, we showed that the telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter-driven PEG-Ad (PEG-Ad-TERT), which contained the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene as the therapeutic gene, induced strong antitumor effects against metastasis without any side effects. By comparison, a conventional cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven PEG-Ad produced strong antitumor effects but induced unwanted side effects.
7)Therefore, PEG-Ad-TERT can be regarded as a prototype Adv with suitable efficacy and safety for systemic cancer gene therapy against metastasis, although PEG-Ad-CMV might not be suitable. However, it is not clear whether PEGAd-TERT can be used for the treatment of unresectable primary cancers.In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of systemically administered PEG-Ad-TERT for the treatment of primary tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mice and Cell LinesFemale 5-week-old C57BL6 mice were purchased from SLC Inc. (Hamamatsu, Japan). All procedures involving animal experimentation were performed in ; 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ib...