Effect on physiological parameters and anaesthetic dose requirement of isoflurane when tramadol given as a continuous rate infusion vs a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Abstract

Background Tramadol produces a significant reduction in both sevoflurane and isoflurane minimum alveolar concentrations in dogs under experimental conditions. This study aims to compare the effects of tramadol administered as a constant rate infusion (CRI) with those of tramadol administered as a single intravenous bolus on physiological parameters and isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods In this study, forty female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were enrolled. The bitches were anesthetized with 5 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam combined with 0.05 mg/kg of acepromazine intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered in 100% oxygen. The group A (n = 20) received tramadol 4 mg/kg in a single intravenous bolus, whereas the group B (n = 20) received tramadol 1.5 mg/kg in an intravenous bolus followed by tramadol 2.6 mg/kg/h as a CRI. The following parameters were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, non-invasive blood pressure, body temperature, EtCO2, SpO2 and inspired and expired concentrations of isoflurane. Parameter measurements were performed from pre-preedication (baseline) to skin suturing. Results The dogs were healthy subjects that demonstrated no abnormalities on laboratory investigations. Significant tachycardia was recorded after administration of tiletamine/zolazepam combined with acepromazine in both groups. Heart rate decreased after intubation but remained significantly higher compared to baseline values in both groups. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in both groups but the recorded values were within the physiological range. Mild reduction in body temperature was recorded in both groups. SpO2 and EtCO2 remained within the physiological range. Isoflurane requirement was significantly lower in the group B compared to the group A. Transient twitching was recorded in two dogs belonging to the group A after tramadol administration. Conclusions Compared to tramadol given as a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs, tramadol administered as a CRI reduces isoflurane requirements in dogs anesthetized with tiletamine/zolazepam combined with acepromazine. Both tramadol given as a CRI and a single intravenous bolus injection, induce decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and in body temperature but the values of these parameters remain within physiological range in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Intraoperative Isoflurane End-Tidal Concentration during Infusion of Fentanyl, Tramadol, or Fentanyl–Tramadol Combination in Cats

“…In particular, blood pressure in the T group was lower than in the other two groups throughout the entire observation period. This result is consistent with other experimental studies in cats and other species that have shown statistically lower blood pressure in subjects treated with tramadol compared to those treated with other drugs [ 8 , 10 , 30 ]. Unfortunately, it was not possible to perform an invasive blood pressure measurement, which is considered the gold standard [ 19 , 46 , 47 ].…”

“…This technique can be very useful in feline patients, where the choice of analgesics and their dosage must consider the lack of many drug conjugation and metabolism pathways in this species, resulting in prolonged plasma concentrations, deficiencies in hepatic metabolism (decreased UGTC), and decreased excretion, with increased toxicities and other side effects [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. While the reduction of inhaled anesthetic requirements by opioid administration has been demonstrated in dogs, conflicting data have been reported in cats [ 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Fentanyl is a potent µ-opioid receptor agonist used in cats [ 15 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Methylcobalamin in Combination with Early Intervention of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Potentiates Nerve Regeneration and Functional Recovery in a Rat Brachial Plexus Injury Model

“…The tissue layers were then brought together, and the skin was closed with a 4-0 silk suture string (Ethicon, Edinburgh, UK). Cefazolin (15 mg/kg, Taiwan Biotech Co., LTD., Taoyuan, Taiwan) and levobupivacaine (2.5 mg/kg, Abbott Laboratories Services Corp, Taiwan Branch, Taiwan) were administered into the surgical wound for controlling postoperative pain and infection for two days [ 52 ].…”

Tramadol vs. Lidocaine Administered Intraperitoneally and in Incisional Lines for the Intraoperative and Postoperative Pain Management of Romifidine-Telazol-Anesthetized Swine Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair

“…The sum of the scores for the three parameters represented the intraoperative pain score. If the sum of the CPS scores exceeded 10, corresponding to a 20% increase in the three physiological parameters, a 2 mg/kg lidocaine was administered by infiltration of the surgical planes and intraperitoneally [ 16 , 33 , 39 ].…”

“…Tramadol combined with an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist has been previously used in large animals. This combination represents a viable option to achieve deep and balanced sedation [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”