Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Derived Bioactive Lipids on Metabolic Disorders

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) are three well-known ω-3 PUFAs. These fatty acids can be metabolized into a number of bioactive lipids. Eicosanoids derived from ARA have drawn great attention because of their important and complex biofunctions. Although EPA, DHA and n-3 DPA have also shown powerful biofunctions, we have fewer studies of metabolites derived from them than those from ARA. Recently, growing research has focused on the bioaction of ω-3 PUFA-derived metabolites, which indicates their great potential for treating metabolic disorders. Most of the functional studies of these bioactive lipids focused on their anti-inflammatory effects. However, several studies elucidated their direct effects on pancreatic β cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and endothelial cells. These researches revealed the importance of studying the functions of metabolites derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids other than themselves. The current review summarizes research into the effects of ω-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adipose tissue dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.

Role of Food Antioxidants in Modulating Gut Microbial Communities: Novel Understandings in Intestinal Oxidative Stress Damage and Their Impact on Host Health

“…For instance, the consumption of high fat diet reduced the abundance of Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium coccoides, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides [43,44]. Moreover, it has been seen the beneficial effects of high-added-value compounds on gut microbiota, especially for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which improves the intestinal homeostasis and influences metabolic disfunction [45,46]. Furthermore, the consumption of PUFA play an important role in adherence of gut microbiota to mucosal surface and gut bacteria growth [47].…”

Key Enzymes in Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway for Bioactive Lipids Biosynthesis

“…The fatty acids in the daily diet are mainly consisted of saturated ones and unsaturated ones. According to the different positions of unsaturated double bonds, LCPUFAs can be mainly divided into ω3 and ω6 series, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 4,7,10,13,16,19 ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:4 5,8,11,14,17 , ω3), and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 5,8,11,14 , ω6) (3). These LCPUFAs also play a crucial role in not only growth and brain development but also in preventing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes (4).…”

Metabolic and Metabolomic Insights Regarding the Omega-3 PUFAs Intake in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

“…EPA is also biotransformed into HEPEs and 5series leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-series lipoxins (LXs) and by the LOX pathway. Furthermore, EPA is a substrate for cytochrome P450 and biotransformed into epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs) (Duan et al, 2021) (Figure 1). The D-series of Resolvins (RvDs; D1-D6), Maresins (MaR1, MaR2), and Protectins (PDs) are derived from DHA via LOX pathway (Calder, 2015), while DPA (docusapentaenoic acid) is biotransformed into PDs, MaR1-MaR3, and RvDs (D1, D2, and D5) through LOX pathway and into 13-series Rvs though COX pathway (Duan et al, 2021).…”

“…Furthermore, EPA is a substrate for cytochrome P450 and biotransformed into epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs) (Duan et al, 2021) (Figure 1). The D-series of Resolvins (RvDs; D1-D6), Maresins (MaR1, MaR2), and Protectins (PDs) are derived from DHA via LOX pathway (Calder, 2015), while DPA (docusapentaenoic acid) is biotransformed into PDs, MaR1-MaR3, and RvDs (D1, D2, and D5) through LOX pathway and into 13-series Rvs though COX pathway (Duan et al, 2021). Furthermore, cyclic oxygenated metabolites of ω-3 PUFAs were identified, such as phytoprostanes F3-isoprostanes and F4-neuroprostanes, some with notable beneficial effects.…”

“…EPA is also biotransformed into HEPEs and 5-series leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-series lipoxins (LXs) and by the LOX pathway. Furthermore, EPA is a substrate for cytochrome P450 and biotransformed into epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs) ( Duan et al, 2021 ) ( Figure 1 ).…”