Effect of Ziram, Thiram, and Dithane M-45 on Bone Marrow Cells of Mice—Assessed by Micronucleus Test

Abstract

Micronucleus test is an extensively used protocol to assess the mutagenicity of environmental chemicals. This was developed by Schmid and his co-workers (Matter and Schmid, 1971; Ledebur and Schmid, 1973). The micronucleus test is simple, quick and as sensitive as the chromosome aberration analysis. It is based on the principle that during anaphase, acentric chromatid and chromosome fragments lag behind, where as centric elements move towards the spindle pole. After telophase both the undamaged chromosomes and the centric fragments give rise to the daughter nuclei. The lagging elements are transferred into one or several secondary nuclei, which are as a rule much smaller than the main nucleus, and therefore called micronucleus (Schmid, 1973). The clastogenic effect of various chemicals is measured by micronucleus test. Erythrocytes are two types, the younger ones are polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), which stain bluish and the older, the normo chromatic erythrocytes (NCE) which stain reddish. A few hours after the completion of last mitosis the erythroblasts expel their nucleus for unknown reasons and the micronucleus alone remains in the cytoplasm of the Polychromatic erythrocytes, and they are easily recognisable. Erythrocyte micronucleus represents the consequence of chromosomal aberrations induced during preceding mitotic division of erythrocytes (Matter and Grauwiler, 1974).

Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Study (SEIR and SERS) of Dithiocarbamate Pesticides on Gold Films

“…There is much interest in the potential environmental impact of alkyl DTC usage in agriculture and its effect on human health. Although acute toxicity of these compounds is low, they are irritants to skin and mucous membranes and upon chronic exposure they are suspected carcinogens and teratogens. , It should be of great interest to find a sensitive method to analyze and detect small concentrations of these fungicides in soils, water, and foods as well as the chemical state at which they are retained in these systems. So far, these compounds have been analyzed by methods involving degradation of the active ingredient to CS 2 , which is detected by spectrophotometric and gas chromatography …”

The Crystal Structure of Zineb, 75 years later

“…12 While acute toxicity of EBDTCs is relatively low, they are irritants to mucus and skin membranes, and suspected teratogens and carcinogens. [13][14][15][16][17] Considerable research has been directed towards assessing the environmental effects of zineb, its residues, [18][19][20][21] and degradation products 22,23 Structurally, zineb has been thoroughly investigated by number of studies, mostly using spectroscopic 24,25 and thermal methods. [25][26][27][28] To the best of our knowledge, the crystal structure of this important solid has not been described.…”

Alterações histológicas dos rins e expressão das metalotioneínas e das proteínas de choque térmico em ratos Wistar após exposição ao fungicida tirame

“…Além disso, é usado como ingrediente de sabões, bronzeadores e sprays antissépticos, como aditivo em óleos lubrificantes e como acelerador de vulcanização de borracha (Mariano et al, 2008). Efeitos tóxicos e tumorigênicos foram observados em diferentes espécies animais expostas ao tirame (Dalvi, 1988;Maita et al, 1991) e inúmeros testes indicam que é genotóxico (Crebelli et al, 1992;Hemavathi e Rahiman, 1996). Embora a Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e a World Health Organization (WHO) tenham considerado o tirame como ligeiramente tóxico, sua persistência no ambiente não é ainda bem conhecida.…”