Effect of zeolitic nano-catalyst on biodiesel yield and biochar formation during the pyrolysis of tallow

Obidike, Lawrence Ikechukwu; Yoro, Kelvin O.

doi:10.1080/17597269.2021.1882718

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In addition to slow reaction times, homogeneous acid catalysts are corrosive, lead to excessive amounts of wastewater, and complex procedures are required to separate the catalyst from the reaction products for reuse [34]. Moreover, they are prone to residual acid, which leads to the production of substandard biodiesel [76]. This has led to the development of heterogeneous acid catalysts for this process.…”

Section: Homogeneous Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

Wang

Shukla

et al. 2023

Catalysts

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With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demand for transportation, traditional sources of energy have been excessively consumed. Biodiesel as an alternative energy source has become a research focus. The most common method for biodiesel production is transesterification, in which lipid and low carbon alcohol are commonly used as raw materials, in the presence of a catalyst. In the process of transesterification, the performance of the catalyst is the key factor of the biodiesel yield. This paper reviews the recent research progress on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production. The advantages and disadvantages of current homogeneous acid catalysts and homogeneous base catalysts are discussed, and heteropolyacid heterogeneous catalysts and biomass-derived base catalysts are described. The applications of the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst derivatives ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents and nanocatalysts/magnetic catalysts in biodiesel production are reviewed. The mechanism and economic cost of current homogeneous acid catalysts and homogeneous base catalysts are also analyzed. The unique advantages of each type of catalyst are compared to better understand the microscopic details behind biodiesel. Finally, some challenges of current biodiesel catalysts are summarized, and future research directions are presented. This review will provide general and in-depth knowledge on the achievements, directions, and research priorities in developing novel homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts for the green and cost-effective production of biodiesel.

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Section: Homogeneous Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

Wang

Shukla

et al. 2023

Catalysts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to slow reaction times, homogeneous acid catalysts are corrosive, lead to excessive amounts of waste water, and complex procedures are required to separate the catalyst from the reaction products for reuse [142]. Finally, the biodiesel produced is substandard as the residual acid has an adverse effect on the sulphur content [143]. This has led to the development of heterogeneous acid catalysts for this process.…”

Section: Homogeneous Acid Catalysts For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.

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“…2. Thermochemical conversion: thermochemical conversion is a process for the production of three different fuels, including bio-oil (gasoline, jet fuel, biodiesel), biogas, and biochar, and it normally happens at high temperatures with the absence of oxygen [22]. Upon pyrolysis process, two significant sources of energy, including hydrogen and bio-oil, are produced [23].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Efficient Catalysts for Algae Transesterification to Biodiesel

2021

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The depletion of fossil fuel resources and increasing environmental pollution led to a trend for using alternative, clean, green, and sustainable fuel and energy resources. To attain this aim, using biomass as an alternative resource for diesel production has been a hotspot among researchers. Biodiesel has several advantages, such as being lower toxic and more renewable, and eco-friendlier than diesel from fossil fuel resources. Several edible and non-edible bio-sources were used for the production of biodiesel from the transesterification process. Algal oil as a non-edible source is considered an abundant, low cost and green substrate for biodiesel production. Various factors such as reaction conditions and the type of catalyst affect the biodiesel production process. Different catalytic systems such as basic and acidic homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and biocatalysts were introduced for the process in the literature, and each proposed catalyst has its own advantages and disadvantages. For instance, in spite of the lower cost and better mass transfer of base and acid homogeneous catalysts, reaction system corrosion, non-reusability, and soap formation are serious challenges of these catalysts at an industrial scale. On the other hand, acid and base heterogenous catalysts overcame the issues of corrosion and recovery, but some matters such as mass transfer limitation, high cost, and weak performance in catalyzing both esterification of FFAs and transesterification of lipids must be taken into account. In addition, bio-catalysis as a high-cost process led to a purer product formation with less side reaction. Therefore, several significant factors should be considered for transesterification catalysts such as availability, cost, reusability, stability, mass transfer, and the possibility to manage both the transesterification of triglycerides and the esterification of FFAs, selecting a catalyst with predominant pros is viable. Here, a review of the biodiesel production from algal biomass focusing on the efficient catalyst of the process is presented.

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Effect of zeolitic nano-catalyst on biodiesel yield and biochar formation during the pyrolysis of tallow

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

Enabling Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

A Review on the Efficient Catalysts for Algae Transesterification to Biodiesel

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